Brazil free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Current Film Industry Essay, Research Paper In this paper I will discourse Brazil and it? s current movie industry. I will clarify its function in the Brazilian economic system, and besides what portion the authorities trades in the industry itself. Certain Brazilian movies will be given as representations towards my theories. Within a twelvemonth of the Lumiere brother? s ? first experiment? in Paris in 1896, the cinematograph machine appeared in Rio de Janeiro. Ten old ages subsequently, the capital boasted 22 film houses and the first Brazilian characteristic movie, The Stranglers by Antonio Leal, had been screened. From so on Brazil? s movie industry made uninterrupted advancement and, although it has neer been big, its end product over the old ages has attracted international attending. In 1930, still the epoch of the soundless film in Brazil, Mario Peixoto? s movie, Limite was made. Limite is a phantasmagoric work covering with the struggles raised by the human status and how life conspires to forestall entire fulfilment. We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was considered a landmark movie in the Brazilian film history. In 1933 Cinedia produced The Voice of Carnival, the first movie with Carmen Miranda. This movie ushered in the ? chanchada? which dominated Brazilian film for many old ages. Chanchada? s were the slapstick comedies, by and large filled with musical Numberss and exhaustively cherished by the populace. By the terminal of the 1940? s Brazilian movie devising was going an industry. The Vera Cruz Film Company was created in Sao Paulo with the end of bring forthing movies of international quality. It hired technicians from abroad and brought back from Europe, Alberto Cavalcanti, a Brazilian film maker with an international repute to head the company. Vera Cruz produced some of import movies before it closed in 1954, among them the heroic poem O Cangaceiro which won the? Best Adventure Film? award at Cannes Film Festival in 1953. In the 1950? s, Brazilian film radically changed the manner it made movies. In his 1995 movie, Rio 40 Graus, manager Nelson Pereira Department of State Santos employed the filmmaking techniques of Italian non pragmatism by utilizing ordinary people as his histrions and by traveling to the streets to hit his low budget movie. He would go one of the most of import Brazilian film makers of all clip, and it is he who set the phase for the Brazilian? film novo? ( an thought in head and a camera in the custodies ) motion. By 1962? film novo? had established a new construct in Brazilian filmmaking. The? film novo? movie? s dealt with subjects related to acute national jobs, from struggles in rural countries to human jobs in the big metropoliss, every bit good as movie versions of of import Brazilian novels. At the terminal of the 1960? s, the Tropicalist motion had taken clasp of the art scenes in Brazil which meant that film came under its enchantment. It emphasized the demand to transform all foreign influences into a national merchandise. The most representative movie of this motion was Macunaima, by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade. It was a metaphorical analysis of the Brazilian character as shown in the narrative of a native Indian who leaves the Amazon jungle and goes to the large metropolis. Working at the same clip as the Tropicalists were the? film marginal? motion. This was another group of managers that emerged in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro who besides made low cost movies. This group produced movie? s with subject? s that referred to a fringy society. Their movies were considered? hard? . In 1969 the authorities movie bureau, Embrafilme, was created. They were responsible for the carbon monoxide production, funding, and distribution of a big per centum of movies in the 1970? s and 1980? s.Embrafilme added a commercial dimension to the movie industry and made it possible for it to travel on to more ambitious undertakings. In the 1980? s films were non good attended. This was due in portion to the popularity of the telecasting. Many theaters closed their doors, particularly in the inside if the state. Never the less some of import movies were made. Many were concerned with political inquiries. Today many modern-day Brazilian movies are being shown on telecasting and in film theaters all over the universe. The Brazilian civilization at the minute is a consequence of a historical procedure where there was a convergence of three distinguishable populations. The Indian population that was situated in the land before the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the Africans who were brought by the slave proprietors, and in conclusion the immigrants that came to Brazil in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Today, Brazil being more witting of the profusion of these three different civilizations attempts to incentive the movie industry by conveying these influences out. A perfect illustration of this is the movie O Quatrilho. O Quatrilho, made in 1996, was one of the five campaigners for the 1996 Academy Award for the Best Movie in a Foreign Language. This movie takes us into the universe of a little settlement of Italian Immigrants in the South of Brazil in 1910. The immature and serious Angelo is wed to the beautiful and vivacious Teresa but he pays no attending to her at all. He is foremost preoccupied with doing terminals meet and so his luck instead than showering on his married woman. Another twosome arrives at the small town where Angelo and Teresa are located. Pierina, Teresa? s cousin, is homely but difficult working while Massimo is more worldly and doesn? T vitamin D isguise the fact that he finds Teresa attractive. Before long both twosomes have kids and they find themselves sharing the same belongings. The day-to-day modus operandi of working together on the land is backbreaking but while Angelo busies himself with his concern and proves successful at it, Massimo and Teresa are drawn to each other. After their first amative brush they decide to abandon their several matrimonies and run off together. The staying twosome, betrayed by their partners, continue to populate under the same roof, despite church force per unit area that they separate. But small by small they discover that they are in love. As a consequence of the procedure of the state? s formation, Brazil has a rich influence for different clip periods and ethnicity? s which can clearly be seen in the aforesaid movie, O Quatrilho. With a sudden alteration of Brazilian cultural Torahs in the last 2 old ages, the Brazilian? audio-visual? country? s such as movie, telecasting, and wireless flourished. The national production of movies were stagnant from the 1990? s to 1992 due to the extremist cuts in authorities financial and artistic inducements made at the clip by the Collor disposal. But because of the new demand for more? audio-visual? merchandises in 1993 that all changed. In 1993 when the jurisprudence to incentive the? audio-visual? was created and so passed by the senate, 2 movies were produced. A twelvemonth subsequently, 1994, 5 movies were made. In 1995 17 movies were produced, traveling along in 1996 22 movies were made. And in conclusion in 1997 30 movies were produced. This addition gives us the decision that with the constitution of the new jurisprudence there was a growing of national movies. With this growing the outgrowth of beautiful cinematography began. A great illustration of the growing of national movie? s is Central do Brazil, which won the gold bear at the International Film Festival in Berlin and the award for Best Script at the Sundance Festival. In this movie Dora works in the? Central do Brazil? composing letters for nonreaders who desire to match with their distant relations. Ana, one of her clients, dies by acquiring hit by a auto, and against her wants, Dora receives Ana? s merely child Josue. Josue dreams to cognize his male parent who has disappeared in the nor-east and so he begs Dora to assist. Dora, in the terminal helps Josue to compose letters to assist happen his male parent. This movie is presently being shown in Brazilian theaters and besides European and American theaters. The existent flourishing of the movie industry is so intense that one can even mensurate by the fact that in the beginning of the decennary the figure of witnesss for the Brazilian movies were undistinguished, citing up to about 20,000 per twelvemonth. But bit by bit, as the movies increased so did the witnesss. In 1997 1 can see how the Numberss have jumped to 2 million. Another auspicious fact is the regional variegation of productions, leting the riddance of the conflicts between Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Although the market is still dominated by foreign movies, Brazil has begun to export their movie? s. In 1997 Brazil imported 680 1000000s of dollars against the 38 1000000s that were being exported. The Federal Constitution clearly established in the 2 articles ( 215, and 216 ) provinces that the competence of the province warrant? s the cultural rights. Besides entree to the cultural beginning, value and incentivation of the cultural productions and savings of the national heritage. Particularly the 1s from the assorted cultural groups and tendencies that encompass the Brazilian society. So the 3 cardinal dimensions of the cultural phenomenon ( creative activity, diffusion, and saving ) are contemplated in the constitutional text. This places them under the populace duties in coaction with its society. The state? s cultural country is altering to a more stable construction of organisation and fiscal support. The federal statute law that incentives the civilization has 2 powerful Torahs. Law 8.313/91, which is the federal jurisprudence to excite the civilization, and jurisprudence 8685/93 which is the audiovisual jurisprudence. With these two Torahs the federal authorities inducements and supports the houses to lend with a per centum of the revenue enhancements to be used in the support of the humanistic disciplines. As a consequence of these Torahs we have the ? Revival of the Brazilian Movie? , with an increased income of 80 million ? reais? ( Brazillian currency ) in 1997. These figures are four times bigger than the 1995 figures. An illustration of this is the ministry of civilization that gave 40 awards for movie trunkss, 15 for books, and 15 for the development of the? audio-visual? undertakings. In 1998, the ministry of civilization will focus on its attempts to increase the market for Brazilian productions of audio ocular context. By making so, one hopes that this can increase the construction and the execution of the audio ocular industry in Brazil. In decision, I believe that the Brazilian movie industry was missing when it foremost started. Gradually the industry has begun to turn and bring forth movies that are even entertaining foreign audiences, such as O Quatrilho in Europe and the US. Hopefully as the old ages base on balls I believe that even though Brazil is a 3rd universe state, it is rich plenty in civilization to convey forth a different quality of movies that will reassure the foreign audience and market to give them a opportunity.

Alcohol Short Essays

Alcohol Short Essays Alcohol Short Essay Alcohol Short Essay Alcohol and heavy drinking throughout Canada plays a distinctive role in instigating other key addictions. Drinking and consumption abuse can be linked strongly to the abuse of illicit drugs. Binge drinking should be seen as a gateway or portal to the development of poly-drug users. As the gateway drug theory suggests, routine use of less harmful drugs, in this case alcohol, will lead to risk of abusing more serious drugs. Alcohol is so readily available and like any other psychoactive drug it can be very addictive.More than 600,000 Canadians are dependent on alcohol, and nearly 200,000, on illicit drugs. Alcohol consumption needs to be portrayed as a more dangerous activity. The possible risk factors in alcohol consumption can be addiction or abuse to other more harmful substances, and even overdose or death. There is an abundance of alcoholism and substance abuse on Canadian university campuses. Increasing evidence from studies show that casual drinking is no longer the norm. The standard in partying’ has transferred from casual drinking to binge drinking.Binge drinking is heavy dosage. it ruins family relationship and future of many teens. For every family that is impacted by drugs, there are another 10 to 15 families impacted by alcohol abuse. Its a pretty big deal. We have a tendency to only look at part of the puzzle. (Kevin Lewis). As a society we tend to categorize the severity of addiction in a way that drugs are the most dangerous and alcohol being just a problem. Because alcohol addiction can be a slow progressive disease many people don’t see it in the same light as drug addiction.An addiction to drugs is seen as being a more deadly and dangerous issue then that of alcohol because a drug addiction can happen more quickly and can kill more quickly. Alcohol is something that is easy to obtain, something that is found at almost every restaurant. People with an alcohol addiction can not hide from alcohol as easy as a drug addict. Approximately 7 million Americans suffer from alcohol abuse and another 7 million suffer from alcoholism.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current jury system Essay

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current jury system in the UK - Essay Example D submitted copies of these documents to an MP from the opposition camp so that the issue could be raised in parliament. D was charged in accordance with the Official Secrets Act. Despite the clear knowledge that D’s actions amounted to an offense, he was acquitted by the jury1. The case above presents convincing evidence that the jury system acts as a counter balance to politically motivated and other improper prosecutions. Although they do not reveal their reasons for acquitting or convicting, juries provide certainty of their actions and this increases public confidence. Juries can also act on their conscience in addition to relying on evidence. This has the advantage of delivering justice even where confident witnesses present biased evidence. Despite these advantages, the jury system as applied in the UK has several disadvantages. First, the jury system increases the costs incurred by courts. The group of jurors handling the case must be paid as well as the pool of jurors from which the jury has been selected. In addition, other court personnel are employed for the purposes of ministering to the jury during all stages of the case. Furthermore, the making of a verdict by one judge alone costs about  £1,000 per day while a jury’s verdict costs about  £7,400 per day, which is significantly more expensive. There is evidence of perverse verdicts in the UK jury system. This is where juries make decisions that are outright against the law. One case in point in relation to this is R v Owen. In this case, it was established that D fired a sawn off a gun at T because T had killed his son through careless driving. T had been sentenced to serve a term of 12 months. D felt this was not enough, the reason for his action. D was tried for intentional malicious wounding and attempted murder. However, he was acquitted by Maidstone

Gender Roles and its Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender Roles and its Effect - Essay Example The gender roles as defined by society therefore fail to pay attention to such groups who identify themselves as intersexual and transgender. Intersexual are individuals having male/female anatomical characteristics that deviate from the normal while transgender are those that identify with or express their gender identity through a gender that does not correspond to the sex at birth. In a society where a lot focus is placed on this gender binary, these individuals with characteristics that do not neatly fit the clear-cut male/female dichotomy face similar problems as socially constructed gender roles fail to accommodate them. Perceptions and judgments people hold about others are generally informed by social norms, which consequently leads to them gravitating to individuals that are least hostile to a society’s norms. To perceive and understand reality, people rely on senses, intellect and generally, held social constructs which makes them able to label certain objects and co ncepts. For example, a man is differentiated from a woman according to gender roles and behaviors that have been assigned to genders and are expected of them. Individuals who posses’ characteristics and behaviors regarded as ‘masculine’ by the society are identified as man, and vice versa. There is a complexity when individuals who do not identify themselves within the constraints of this gender binary fail to fit into the male/female duality. In her article, Judith Butler explains that through intelligibility, humans are able to recognize other humans based on â€Å"normal† human social and physical characteristics that are defined by the society. ... at a definable gender is necessary for understanding someone to be human, people hold dominant gender perceptions, which dictate that intersexed persons must conform to either male or female gender roles. Butler rather subverts gender roles, as she asserts that â€Å"justice is not only or exclusively a matter of how persons are treated or how societies are constituted. It also concerns consequential decisions about what a person is, and what social norms must be honored and expressed for ‘personhood’ to become allocated† (Butler, 58). She goes out of the norm to define justice not in terms of law but as the capacity to overlook the social norms that define an individual’s self-worth. According to her, justice is defined by the decisions held by a particular society in defining what it considers ‘human’. These include the accepted appearance, characteristics and behaviors of an individual. Individuals who portray characteristics and behaviors t hat deviate from what the society considers as the ‘normal’, their identity is questioned. A quandary arises since perceptions held by a society are not flexible to change for accommodation of such individuals, rather it is expected of the individuals to readjust and conform to the predefined gender roles. Gender roles are acquired through socialization whereby a society trains individuals to conform and practice certain values and behaviors. Judith Lorber states that, â€Å"gender construction start with assignment to a sex category on the basis of what the genitalia look like at birth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..a sex category becomes a gender status through naming dress and the use of other gender markers† when a child is born as sex is assigned to the child depending on the anatomical characteristics in particular the sex organs. As

The American Constitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The American Constitution - Research Paper Example The Anti-Federalists, those opposed to the proposed constitution, included John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry who also wrote a series of essays now referred to as the Anti-Federalist papers. They were fearful the will of the states would be dominated by the potential authority of centralized federal government. The Federalists attempted to reassure the doubters that they did not intend to create a governing system much like the tyrannical in British system which the colonists had just fought a protracted war to escape. The Anti-federalists ensured this stated intention by opposing the Constitution as written and insisting it contain further clarification of civil liberties by inserting the first ten Amendments, the Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights were crafted as a compromise that was forged between the two differing viewpoints. The terminology describing these divergent viewpoints is somewhat misleading. The Anti-Federalists could actually be better described as federalists because they wanted the government to be a federation of independent states. Federalists would be better defined as Nationalists because they wanted an authoritative federal government. This paper examines the point of view of both Federalists and Anti-Federalists and the method by which they reached a compromise after two years of contentious debate and an explanation as to why one was ultimately the best choice. The Necessity of the Constitution The Federalist Papers expressed the limitations of the loosely associated union between the states that was present at the time as well as the benefits of uniting the states into an efficient central government. The Federalists were wealthy business and land owners who believed that a powerful centralized federal government governed by influential, learned persons would promote commerce which was both to their and the country’s benefit. John Jay specified this reason first over all other motives to unite the states by ratifying a constitution in the second of the Federalist Papers, â€Å"It has until lately been a received and uncontradicted opinion that the prosperity of the people of America depended on their continuing firmly united, and the wishes, prayers, and efforts of our best and wisest citizens have been constantly directed to that object† (Jay, 1787: Fed. #2). The Federalists’ interests were positioned principally in a robust economy which they argued would contribute to the security and prosperity of all citizens. It is probable that at least part of their motivation to create a strong federal government was their own economic interest. Essentially, the Papers defended the idea of republicanism within the Constitution. In addition to financial advantages, the Federalists made a persuasive case for the forming of a powerful federal government by emphasizing the necessity for securing and preserving the lives, liberty and property of th e new nation’s citizens. By combining interests and resources, the military and economic weaknesses of the loosely allied states would be significantly strengthened which would act to safeguard the entire country from both internal and external dissension. The nation as a whole would become less susceptible from a

Effect of Peers and Gender on Risk Taking Decisions

Effect of Peers and Gender on Risk Taking Decisions The Effect of Peers and Gender on Risk Taking Decisions on Breaking the Rules of College Students Frances Mae H. Balandan Jaymie Aileen T. Huang Patricia Audrey D. Lansang Louie Belle M. Regente Dorothy Joy S. Sy Abstract Keywords: peers, genders, rules, risk-taking The researchers would like to know if clustering and gender affects the decision making of college students that involves risk. Clustering refers to the participants in whether they are classified in a group of friends or acting alone in a situation on making a risky behavior. The typical finding is that, on the average, subjects (group) shift toward greater risk; that is, the group will most likely decide on the risky option than an individual deciding on his or her own. This is the prototype of the group-induced shift toward risk, or simply the risky shift (Clark, 1973). There are theories, such as the social comparison theory, that emphasizes that people with in a group decides differently than people in isolation (Levinger and Schneider, 1969). In terms of gender differences, male participants are more probable to engage in risky behaviors than female participants. In social decision making, males perceive less risk and are more likely to engage in greater risk. Boys’ risk judgments were signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cantly predicted by their ratings of injury severity (Harris, C. R. Jenkins, H., 2006). Female participants are less probable to engage in risk behaviors in the domains of health, gambling and recreational activities. Females judge the activities as less enjoyable than males (Harris, C. R. Jenkins, H., 2006). In terms of group differences, examples would be that couples on average are risk-averse in their choices, and that risk preferences are less diverse across groups than across individuals. Groups are more risk-averse in lotteries with low probabilities of winning the largest payoffs, but less risk-averse when these probabilities are high (He, H., Martinson. P., Sutter, M., 2011). The gender is a determinant on risky behaviors. Generally, males take more risks. But in some cases, females tend to make riskier decisions. A study showed that males tend to make riskier decision in terms of finances while females take more social risks (Menon, 2011). Risk attitudes expressed by groups and individuals dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬er. In most choice problems involving a safe and a risky option groups tend to take more risk (â€Å"risky shifts†) (Stoner, 1960). Further studies have shown that men prefer their decisions to be implemented as decisions in the group, while women are less likely to so. Risk attitudes in the individual decision-making task have no significant effect on the females’ decision, but have a positive effect for males (Gurdal, M.Y., 2010). Other studies have also shown that adolescents are likely to do risky decision making as compared to adults, because they are prone to the influence of the peers and they tend to conform. They do not want to feel left out because they want to be part of the group, and adolescents are more easily convinced towards risky choices. This not applicable for adults, because they are more mature and self-reliant meaning they can do it independently without relying on the other’s help. (Gardner and Steinberg, 2005) The researchers would like to know the following: Does gender affect the risky decision making of an individual? Does clustering affect the risky decision making of an individual? In this research, the researchers generated four hypotheses: If a group of students are exposed to a risk-taking situation on breaking the rules, then the group consensus will be riskier than the average of the initial individual decisions. If an individual student is exposed to a risk-taking situation on breaking the rules, then s/he will take on a lower risk than the average of the group of students. If a male student is exposed to a risk-taking situation on breaking the rules, then he will take on a higher risk than female students whether be in group, pair or individual decision. If a female student is exposed to a risk-taking situation on breaking the rules, then he will take on a lower risk than male students whether be in group, pair or individual decision. The purpose of the study is to know if the inclusion of a person in a group would influence his/her making risky decisions and to know if the gender of a person matters in making risky decisions. This research will be a breakthrough for parents and counselors in dealing with their son/daughters and clients in terms of risk-taking decision making on breaking the rules. This research is specified to know how and when college students are more inclined to do riskier behaviors. This can help prevent the circumstances and unfortunate effects to take place. This research will also be helpful in terms of being a new discovery as it will be set in the Philippines. Most researches are conducted to study western participants and graduate students. In the group’s study, we will concentrate on college students. The possible difference may lay in the different religion and culture that we have from the western countries. The different concepts the Filipinos have as a community, the different beliefs and the different perceptions may influence the results of this experimental research. Methods Participants The sample consisted of 200 undergraduate Lasallian students, men and women of ages 18 and above. The participants will be chosen via random sampling by asking some students for a few minutes of their time to participate in this experiment. Those willing to participate will be asked to fill up the consent form and log-in sheet before starting the experiment. Research Design Between-subjects mixed design will be used. The independent variables are college students. The levels are individual, and group. The dependent variable is decision upon result of risk taking. Procedure Participants were gathered via random sampling and participated in the experiment It will conducted in a laboratory and done in individually A participant will be asked to read risky situations, and be asked what are the chances that they will do the risky behavior (breaking the rule). The participant will be randomly placed in a risky situation where s/he will is alone or with his/her peers. In this experiment, we will measure the difference of the participants’ decision on whether they will break the rule if they are hypothetically with their group or acting alone. References Clark, R. D., III, Crockett, W. H., Archer, R. L. Risk-as-value hypothesis: The relationship between perception of self, others and the risky shift. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,1971,20, 425-429. Gardner, M. Steinberg, L. (2005) Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study. Developmental Psychology. Retrieved from http://uwf.edu/smathews/documents/peerroleinrisktakinggardnerandsteinberg.pdf Gurdal, M.Y.(2010) Deciding to Decide: Gender, Leadership and Risk-Taking in Groups. Retrieved from http://eaf.ku.edu.tr/sites/eaf.ku.edu.tr/files/erf_wp_1028.pdf Harris, C. R. Jenkins, H. (2006). Gender Differences in Risk Assessment: Why do Women Take Fewer Risks than Men? Judgment and Decision Making, 2006, 1(1), 48–63, Retrieved from http://journal.sjdm.org/jdm06016.pdf He, H., Martinson, P., Sutter, M. (2011).Group Decision Making Under Risk: An Experiment with Student Couples Retrieved from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/28122/1/gupea_2077_28122_1.pdf He, H., Martinson. P., Sutter, M. (2011). The Influence of Religious Priming on Self-Control and Risk Taking http://archives.ubalt.edu/ub_archives/inspired_discoveries/pdf/ADAMDspFINAL.pdf Jiang F. X., Jiang, Z. Kim. K. A., Zhang, M. (2013). Family-firm risk-taking: does religion matter? http://www.lingnan.net/seminar/upload/file/20130922/20130922103555225522.pdf Levinger, G. and Scheinder, D. J. (1969): â€Å"Test of the †risk is value† hypothesis,† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 165-169 Menon, D. (2011, July 25). PRESS RELEASE. Association for Psychological Science RSS. Retrieved January 19, 2014, from http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/who-takes-risks.html Stoner (1961): â€Å"A comparison of individual and group decisions under risk,† unpublished thesis, MIT School of Management. Instruments Individual: Instructions: Read each situation carefully. Rate yourself to how much you are willing to do the stated situation, with 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest. 1. You noticed that your teacher in your math class rarely checks the attendance. Everyone also noticed that some of your classmates are usually absent and cutting their class because the professor’s style of teaching is mundane. You sometimes ditch class with your classmates, but you noticed that you already exceeded the maximum number of absences allowed. You cannot cut the class more than 5 times. You are still tempted to cut the class, because you know that the professor rarely checks attendance. The risk is that the professor might have a roll call, thus leading you to a failing grade at the end of the term. The chances are __ in 10 that I will cut that class. 012345678910 2. You are required to write a group research paper for an English class. The topic must be new and something relevant to your course. You must contribute to writing the research paper. The paper is almost finished except for one significant part of the paper. The deadline is fast approaching you only have until 10pm of that night to finish the paper. You are tempted to plagiarize a portion of someone else’s work by claiming the paragraph of the person’s paper as your own without citation. The risk here is with rise of sophisticated anti-plagiarism software free for use on the Internet, there will be a chance of being caught with the act of plagiarism that will merit a failing grade. The chances are __ in 10 that I will plagiarize, copy a portion of that person’s work and not cite this person’s work. 012345678910 3. You are a part of a cheating chain (a group of students who pass the answers of one to another during a quiz). There are ten of you in the cheating chain a class. The teacher normally sleeps during examination, but he records the class on his phone. After two quizzes of not getting caught cheating, despite the presence of the phone, on the third exam, one of your cheating buddies was caught through the recording camera of the phone. He was the only one who was caught, and only received a warning and a zero on the exam instead of failing the entire course with a disciplinary demerit. The fourth exam is in a few minutes, and the only way to pass is through cheating. You are in desperate need of a high grade. With the fact that out of three exams, one out of the ten of you was only caught cheating, and that the teacher may be stricter due to catching one. What are the chances of you still partaking in the group’s cheating activities or abstain from it? The chances are __ in 10 that I will partake in the cheating chain. 0 1 2345678910 Group: Instructions: Read each situation carefully. Rate yourself to how much you are willing to do the stated situation, with 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest. 1. You and your four friends noticed that your teacher in your math class rarely checks the attendance. Everyone also noticed that some of your classmates are usually absent and cutting their class because the professor’s style of teaching is mundane. You sometimes ditch class with your classmates, but you noticed that you already exceeded the maximum number of absences allowed. You cannot cut the class more than 5 times. You and your four friends are still tempted to cut the class, because you know that the professor rarely checks attendance. The risk is that the professor might have a roll call, thus leading you to a failing grade at the end of the term. The chances are __ in 10 that I will cut that class. 012345678910 2. You and your seven friends are required to write a group research paper for an English class. The topic must be new and something relevant to your course. Each member of the group must contribute to writing the research paper. The paper is almost finished except for one significant part of the paper. The deadline is fast approaching you only have until 10pm of that night to finish the paper. Your group is tempted to plagiarize a portion of someone else’s work by claiming the paragraph of the person’s paper as your own without citation. The risk here is with rise of sophisticated anti-plagiarism software free for use on the Internet, there will be a chance of being caught with the act of plagiarism that will merit a failing grade. The chances are __ in 10 that I will plagiarize, copy a portion of that person’s work and not cite this person’s work. 012345678910 3. You are a part of a cheating chain (a group of students who pass the answers of one to another during a quiz). There are ten of you in the cheating chain a class. The teacher normally sleeps during examination, but he records the class on his phone. After two quizzes of not getting caught cheating, despite the presence of the phone, on the third exam, one of your cheating buddies was caught through the recording camera of the phone. He was the only one who was caught, and only received a warning and a zero on the exam instead of failing the entire course with a disciplinary demerit. The fourth exam is in a few minutes, and the only way to pass is through cheating. You are in desperate need of a high grade. With the fact that out of three exams, one out of the ten of you was only caught cheating, and that the teacher may be stricter due to catching one. Will the cheating chain be active during the fourth exam? The chances are __ in 10 that I will partake in the cheating chain. 0 1 2345678910

Callie Khouris Thelma and Louise - Moving Beyond the Male Experience E

Even in today's growing world of feminism, young girls, as well as grown women, are being taught by the media to organize their lives around men. Their needs, expectations, work schedules, ideas, and interests become second to the men in their lives. All too often the media associates power and status to men, only to strengthen the barriers between the male and female genders. Take for example Hollywood, where "women get only about a third of all movie and TV roles, and last year earned less than male actors in all age categories..."(Eby, 1). And even though gender should not be used as the determining factor of what one can and cannot do, Hollywood, as well as everywhere else, has proven that the old habits of gender discrimination die hard, if at all. Luckily, there exist screenwriters and filmmakers who aren't afraid to step outside the limitations of gender, stirring up some controversy. Callie Khouri, creator of "Thelma and Louise" is the exception to this rule. Awarded "Best Original Screenplay", the film challenges our preconceived notions of gender limitations by "giving a feminine twist to a pair of all too familiar Hollywood genres, the road picture and the buddy picture"(NY Times, 1991). The "road and buddy movie" usually calls for men in the lead roles, whereas "Thelma and Louise" called for Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon. A film such as this one allowed for two women to get into dangerous trouble, enjoy themselves, and "unmask the other sex"; actions normally reserved for men (NY Times, 1991). According to Ms. Khouri, the script of "Thelma and Louise" was infact, "a conscious effort to counter what [she] sees as Hollywood's tendency to limit women's roles to easily identifiable types such as bimbos, whores, and nagging wives"(NY Times, 1991). She therefore uses the characters in the movie not so much to prove a point, but instead to make a point. At the same time that Ms. Khouri is making her point, the movie becomes somewhat of a catharsis for women. "Thelma and Louise" is supposed to be "about what every woman knows"(Eby,4). Though rape is a major issue that is used in the movie, it is not supposed to be the only issue women relate to. The general comparison between the women on screen and the women in the audience should be the feeling of at one time or another having been threatened, having been treated as inferior, or having foun... ...y she begins to snap under the pressure. In one particular scene, the role reversal becomes most obvious to the audience. Louise finds out that Thelma has left JD alone in her hotel room with the money which Jimmy had brought them. By the time the girls make it back to the room, JD and the money are long gone. Louise comes to the realization that the control she once possessed has now escaped her. Thelma, who watches as her friend crumbles before her eyes, realizes that she needs to break free from her child-like persona and take control of the situation. Thelma takes on a new sense of responsibility and maturity. She gives Louise a chance to finally let her guard down. "This is a movie about the adventures of women, and that's rare. And that really sad that its rare and we can't think of another movie like this"(LA Times, 1991). Thelma and Louise was a movie written and produced to give women an opportunity to finally tell their story in a society where the media is all too often dominated by males. This was an opportunity to move females from the roles of girlfriend and side interest into the leading role. It is no longer about a man's experiences and a man's adventures. Callie Khouri's Thelma and Louise - Moving Beyond the Male Experience E Even in today's growing world of feminism, young girls, as well as grown women, are being taught by the media to organize their lives around men. Their needs, expectations, work schedules, ideas, and interests become second to the men in their lives. All too often the media associates power and status to men, only to strengthen the barriers between the male and female genders. Take for example Hollywood, where "women get only about a third of all movie and TV roles, and last year earned less than male actors in all age categories..."(Eby, 1). And even though gender should not be used as the determining factor of what one can and cannot do, Hollywood, as well as everywhere else, has proven that the old habits of gender discrimination die hard, if at all. Luckily, there exist screenwriters and filmmakers who aren't afraid to step outside the limitations of gender, stirring up some controversy. Callie Khouri, creator of "Thelma and Louise" is the exception to this rule. Awarded "Best Original Screenplay", the film challenges our preconceived notions of gender limitations by "giving a feminine twist to a pair of all too familiar Hollywood genres, the road picture and the buddy picture"(NY Times, 1991). The "road and buddy movie" usually calls for men in the lead roles, whereas "Thelma and Louise" called for Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon. A film such as this one allowed for two women to get into dangerous trouble, enjoy themselves, and "unmask the other sex"; actions normally reserved for men (NY Times, 1991). According to Ms. Khouri, the script of "Thelma and Louise" was infact, "a conscious effort to counter what [she] sees as Hollywood's tendency to limit women's roles to easily identifiable types such as bimbos, whores, and nagging wives"(NY Times, 1991). She therefore uses the characters in the movie not so much to prove a point, but instead to make a point. At the same time that Ms. Khouri is making her point, the movie becomes somewhat of a catharsis for women. "Thelma and Louise" is supposed to be "about what every woman knows"(Eby,4). Though rape is a major issue that is used in the movie, it is not supposed to be the only issue women relate to. The general comparison between the women on screen and the women in the audience should be the feeling of at one time or another having been threatened, having been treated as inferior, or having foun... ...y she begins to snap under the pressure. In one particular scene, the role reversal becomes most obvious to the audience. Louise finds out that Thelma has left JD alone in her hotel room with the money which Jimmy had brought them. By the time the girls make it back to the room, JD and the money are long gone. Louise comes to the realization that the control she once possessed has now escaped her. Thelma, who watches as her friend crumbles before her eyes, realizes that she needs to break free from her child-like persona and take control of the situation. Thelma takes on a new sense of responsibility and maturity. She gives Louise a chance to finally let her guard down. "This is a movie about the adventures of women, and that's rare. And that really sad that its rare and we can't think of another movie like this"(LA Times, 1991). Thelma and Louise was a movie written and produced to give women an opportunity to finally tell their story in a society where the media is all too often dominated by males. This was an opportunity to move females from the roles of girlfriend and side interest into the leading role. It is no longer about a man's experiences and a man's adventures.

The Rise of the West and the Western Dominated Economy: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Much of Africa followed its own lines of development between the beginning of the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. The rise of the West and the Western-dominated economy, however, was a powerful force in influencing the course of African history. The Atlantic slave trade predominated in economic affairs after the middle of the seventeenth century. The forced removal of Africans had a major effect in some African regions and was a primary factor contributing to the nature of New World populations. African culture became one of the important strands in the development of American civilizations. Despite the rise of the West and the slave trade, nearly all of Africa remained politically independent and culturally autonomous. Among the important trends, Islam consolidated its position in sub-Saharan and East Africa, while in many parts of Africa, independent states formed and expanded. The Atlantic Slave Trade. The Portuguese inaugurated the pattern for contacts along the African coast. They established trading forts (factories); the most important, El Mina, received gold from the interior. Most forts were established with the approval of African authorities desiring trade benefits. Some of the forts allowed trade to interior states. Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese traders (lancados) followed routes to the interior to open new markets. Missionary efforts followed, particularly to the powerful states of Benin and the Kongo. King Nzinga Mvemba of the Kongo accepted Christianity and, with Portuguese assistance, sought to introduce European influences to his state. The ravages of the slave trade were a major reason for the limited success of the policies. Africa, in general, tried to fit the European concepts they found useful into their belief structures. The Europeans regarded Africans as pagan savages who could adopt civilized behavior and convert to Christianity. The Portuguese continued their southward ventures, in the 1570s establishing Luanda on the Angolan coast among the Mbundu. In the Indian Ocean, they established bases on Mozambique Island and other towns in an effort to control the gold trade coming from Monomotapa. On both coasts, few Portuguese settled permanently. Other Europeans followed Portuguese patterns by creating trading stations through agreement with Africans. In almost all instances, slavery eventually became the principal focus of relationships. Added impetus came from the development of sugar plantations on Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic islands and their subsequent extension to the Americas. Trend Toward Expansion. Between 1450 and 1850, about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic; about 10 or 11 million arrived alive. A number equal to one third of those shipped might have died in the initial raiding or march to the coast. The volume of the trade increased from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, with 80% of the total coming in the latter century. Brazil received more than 40% of all slaves reaching the Americas. The continued high volume was necessary because of high slave mortality and low fertility. Only in the southern United States did slaves have a positive growth rate. Other slave trades—trans-Saharan, Red Sea, and East African—under Muslim control, added another 3 million individuals to the total. Demographic Patterns. The Saharan slave trade to the Islamic world carried mostly women for sexual and domestic employment. The Atlantic trade concentrated on young men fit for hard labor in the Americas. African societies who sold slaves might keep women and children for their own uses. The Atlantic trade had an important demographic effect on parts of western and central Africa; the population there in 1850 might have been one half of what it would have been without the trade. The women and children not exported skewed the balance of the sexes in African-enslaving societies. The introduction of American crops, such as maize and manioc, helped suffering regions to recover from population losses. Organization of the Trade. Control over the slave trade reflected the European political situation. Until 1630, the Portuguese were the principal suppliers. The Dutch became major competitors after they seized El Mina in 1630. By the 1660s, the English worked to supply their plantation colonies. The French became major carriers in the eighteenth century. Each nation established forts for receiving slaves. Tropical diseases caused both resident Europeans and the crews of slave-carrying ships high mortality rates. The Europeans dealt with local rulers, calculating value in currencies composed of iron bars, brass rings, and cowry shells. The Spanish had a system in which a healthy man was considered a standard unit called an â€Å"Indies piece. Slaves arrived at the coast as a result of warfare and of purchase and movement by indigenous traders. Dahomey had a royal monopoly on slave flow. There have been arguments about the profitability of the slave trade. It has been suggested that its profits were a key element for the rise of commercial capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. Individual voyages certainly did bring profits to merchant s and specializing ports. But considerable risks were involved. English profitability in the late eighteenth century was about 5% to 10%, about equal to other commercial ventures. The full economic importance is difficult to determine because of its direct links to the plantation and mining economies of the Americas. Goods were exchanged among Europe, Africa, and the Americas in complex patterns. The slave trade surely contributed to emerging Atlantic capitalism, while at the same time making African economies dependent on European trade and linked to the world economy. African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade. The Atlantic trade transformed African patterns of slavery. Africans had developed many forms of servitude in their nonegalitarian societies. With land controlled by the state, slaves were an important way for individuals and lineages to gain wealth and status. Slaves held many occupations. Their treatment ranged from the relatively benign, when they were incorporated into kinship systems, to severe economic and social exploitation, when ruling hierarchies exercised power. The Atlantic trade opened new opportunities to slave-holding societies for expansion and intensification of slavery. Enslavement of women was central to African society. The Sudanic states had introduced Islamic concepts of slavery. The existence of slavery allowed Europeans to mobilize commerce in slaves by tapping existing structures with the assistance of interested African rulers. Slaving and African Politics. Most of the states of western and central Africa were small and unstable. The continuing wars elevated the importance of the military and promoted the slave trade. Increasing centralization and hierarchy developed in the enslaving societies; those attacked reacted by augmenting self-sufficiency and antiauthoritarn ideas. A result of the presence of the Europeans along the western coast was a shift of the locus of African power. Inland states close to the coast, and thus free from direct European influence, through access to Western firearms and other goods, became intermediaries in the trade and expanded their influence. Asante and Dahomey. Among the important states developing during the slave trade era was the empire of Asante among the Akan people. Centered on Kumasi, Asante was between the coast and the inland Hausa and Mande trading regions. Under the Oyoko clan, the Asante gained access to firearms after 1650 and began centralizing and expanding. Osei Tutu became the asantehene, the supreme civil and military leader, of the Akan clans. By 1700, the Dutch along the coast were dealing directly with the new power. Through control of gold-producing regions and slaves, Asante remained dominant in the Gold Coast until the 1820s. In the Bight of Benin, the state of Benin was at the height of its power when Europeans arrived. The ruler for a long period controlled the trade with Europeans; slaves never were a primary commodity. The kingdom of Dahomey among the Fon peoples had a different response to the Europeans. It emerged around Abomey in the seventeenth century; by the 1720s, access to firearms led to the formation of an autocratic regime based on trading slaves. Under Agaja (1708-1740), Dahomey expanded to the coast, seizing the port of Whydah. The state maintained its policies into the nineteenth century. Too much emphasis on the slave trade obscures creative processes occurring in many African states. The growing divine authority of rulers paralleled the rise of absolutism in Europe. New political forms emerged that limited the power of some monarchs. In the Yoruba state of Oyo, a council and king shared authority. Art, crafts, weaving, and wood carving flourished in many regions. Benin and the Yoruba states created remarkable wood and ivory sculptures. East Africa and the Sudan. On Africa's east coast, the Swahili trading towns continued a commerce of ivory, gold, and slaves for Middle Eastern markets. A few slaves went to European plantation colonies. On Zanzibar and other islands, Arabs, Indians, and Swahili produced cloves with slave labor. In the interior, African peoples had created important states. Migrants from the upper Nile valley moved into Uganda and Kenya, where they mixed with Bantu-speaking inhabitants. Strong monarchies developed in Bunyoro and Buganda. In western Africa, in the northern savanna, the process of Islamization entered a new phase linking it with the external slave trade and the growth of slavery. Songhay broke up in the sixteenth century and was succeeded by new states. The Bambara of Segu were pagan; the Hausa states of northern Nigeria were ruled by Muslims, although most of the population followed African religions. Beginning in the 1770s, Muslim reform movements swept the western Sudan. In 1804, Uthman Dan Fodio, a Fulani Muslim, inspired a religious revolution that won control of most of the Hausa states. A new and powerful kingdom developed at Sokoto. The effects of Islamization were felt widely in the West African interior by the 1840s. Cultural and social change accelerated. Many war captives were dispatched to the coast or across the Sahara for the slave trade. The level of local slave labor also increased in agricultural and manufacturing enterprises. White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa. By the sixteenth century, Bantu-speaking peoples occupied the eastern regions of southern Africa. Drier western lands were left to the indigenous Khoikhoi and San. Migration, peaceful contacts, and war characterized the relations between the groups. The Bantu peoples practiced agriculture and herding, worked iron and copper, and traded with neighbors. Chiefdoms of various sizes, where leaders ruled with popular support, were typical. New chiefdoms continually emerged, resulting in competition for land and political instability. In the Dutch colony at Cape Town, established in 1652, the settlers developed large estates worked by slaves. Colonial expansion led to successful wars against the San and Khoikhoi. By the 1760s, the Afrikaners crossed the Orange River and met the Bantu. Competition and war over land resulted. Britain occupied the Dutch colony in 1795 and gained formal possession in 1815. British efforts to limit Afrikaner expansion were unsuccessful, and frequent fighting occurred between the Afrikaners and Africans. Some Afrikaners, seeking to escape British control, migrated beyond colonial boundaries and founded autonomous states. The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power. By 1818, a new leader, Shaka, gained authority among the Nguni people. He created a formidable military force of regiments organized on lineage and age lines. Shaka's Zulu chiefdom became the center of a new political and military organization that absorbed or estroyed rivals. Shaka was assassinated in 1828, but his successors ruled over a still-growing polity. The rise of the Zulu and other Nguni chiefdoms marked the beginning of the Mfecane, a time of wars and wandering. Defeated peoples fled into new regions and created new states—among them the Swazi and Lesotho—by using Zulu tactics. The Afrikanersâ⠂¬â„¢ superior firepower enabled them to hold their lands. The Zulus remained powerful until defeated during the 1870s by the British. The basic patterns of conflict between Europeans and Africans took form during this era. In Depth: Slavery and Human Society. Slavery has existed in both complex and simpler societies from the earliest times. Coerced labor took different forms: indentured servants, convict laborers, debt peons, chattel slaves. The denial of control over an individual’s labor was the essential characteristic of slavery systems. It was easier to enslave people outside one’s own society, to exploit differences in culture, language, and color. The attitude of Europeans and non-African Muslims thus contributed to the development of modern racism. The campaign against slavery that grew from Enlightenment ideas was an important turning point in world history. Slavery has persisted in a few societies until the present, but few individuals openly defend the institution. African slavery was important in shaping the modern world. It was one of the early international trades, and it assisted the development of capitalism. Vociferous debate continues about many interpretations of the effect of the trade on African and American societies. The African Diaspora. In the Americas, slaves came in large enough numbers to become an important segment of the New World population. African cultures adapted to their new physical and social environments. The slave trade linked Africa and the Americas; it was the principal way in which African societies joined the world economy. Africans participating in the commerce dealt effectively with the new conditions, using the wealth and knowledge gained to the advantage of their states. Slave Lives. The slave trade killed millions of Africans; family and community relationships were destroyed. As many as one third of captives may have died on their way to shipping ports; shipboard mortality reached about 8%. The trauma of the Middle Passage, however, did not strip Africans of their culture, and they interjected it into the New World. Africans in the Americas. African slaves crossed the Atlantic to work in New World plantations and mines. The plantation system developed on Atlantic islands was transferred to the Americas. Africans quickly replaced Indians and indentured Europeans as agricultural laborers. Slaves also mine d gold and silver and labored in many urban occupations. In early seventeenth-century Lima, Africans outnumbered Europeans. American Slave Societies. In all American slave societies, a rough social hierarchy developed. Whites were at the top, slaves at the bottom. Free people of color were in-between. Among the slaves, owners created a hierarchy based on origin and color. Despite the many pressures, slaves retained their own social perceptions: many slave rebellions were organized on ethnic and political lines. Slave-based societies varied in composition. Africans formed the overwhelming majority of the population on Caribbean islands; high mortality ensured a large number of African-born individuals. Brazil had a more diverse population. Many slaves were freed, and miscegenation was common. Slaves made up 35% of the population; free people of color were equal in number. The southern British North American colonies differed in that a positive growth rate among slaves lessened the need for continuing imports. Manumission was uncommon, and free people of color were under 10% of Afro-American numbers. Thus, slavery was less influenced by African ways. The People and Gods in Exile. Africans worked under extremely harsh conditions. The lesser numbers of women brought to the New World limited opportunities for family life. When a family was present, its continuance depended on the decisions of the owner. Despite the difficulties, most slaves lived in family units. Many aspects of African culture survived, especially when a region had many slaves from one African grouping. African culture was dynamic and creative, incorporating customs that assisted survival from different African ethnicities or from their masters. Religion demonstrates this theme. African beliefs mixed with Christianity, or survived independently. Haitian vodun is a good example of the latter. Muslim Africans tried to hold their beliefs; in 1835, a major slave rising in Brazil was organized by Muslim Yoruba and Hausa. Resistance to slavery was a common occurrence. Slaves ran away and formed lasting independent communities; in seventeenth-century Brazil, Palmares, a runaway slave state under Angolan leadership, had a population of 10,000. In Suriname, runaway slaves formed a still-existing community with a culture fusing West African, Indian, and European elements. The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery. The influences causing the end of the slave trade and slavery were external to Africa. The continued flourishing of slave-based economies in Africa and the Americas makes it difficult to advance economic self-interest as a reason for ending the slave trade. Africans had commercial alternatives, but they did not affect the supply of slaves. Enlightenment thinkers during the eighteenth century condemned slavery and the slave trade as immoral and cruel. The abolitionist movement gained strength in England and won abolition of the slave trade for Britons in 1807. The British pressured other nations to follow course, although the final end of New World slavery did not occur until Brazilian abolition in 1888.

Exploring Human Nature in Macbeth

Exploring Human Nature in Macbeth Free Online Research Papers William Shakespeare’s Macbeth explores human nature, in particular the ambition of his main character Macbeth. Macbeth makes ill-fated decisions based upon ambitions to become King and retain that position. So throughout the play, Macbeth’s ambition clouds his judgment, which leads to eventual death. Although his fate is inexorable, Macbeth uses his ambition to fuel his evil intentions. This undertaking is the drive that seals Macbeth’s fate. At the beginning of 1. 3. , Macbeth’s ambition leads him to hear his fate given to him by the three witches: Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more. By Sinel’s death I know I am Thane of Galmis, But how of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives, A prosperous gentleman, and to be King Stands not within the prospect of belief, No more than to be Cawdor. Say from whence You owe this strange intelligence? Or why Upon this blasted heath you stop our way With such prophetic greeting? Speak, I charge you. (1. 3. 70-78) Immediately one can see that Macbeth wanted to hear the witches’ prophecies and not that he was forced to hear them. According to Harold Bloom in his book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human â€Å"The witchcraft in Macbeth, though persuasive, cannot alter material events, yet hallucination can and does† (516). Macbeth is shrouded by his own ambitions of becoming King. Macbeth is intrigued that he will become King and astonished that he has another title of a man that he believes is still alive and loyal to King Duncan. Also one can see some foreshadowing in this excerpt because the Thane of Cawdor was a traitorous individual, and by Macbeth gaining that title it only strengthens his misguided ambitions. At the end of 1. 3. , Macbeth already attempts to go against human nature when he questions his own character: If good, why do I yield to that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock against my ribs, Against the use of nature? †¦(1. 3. 134-137) Here, Macbeth questions his very being by asking if he should against nature, by killing the King of Scotland instead of waiting out the prophecy given to him by the three witches. Human nature is questioned in this excerpt as well because the act of killing, or murder goes against human nature. Also Macbeth would be going against nature, or the natural course of things by forcing fate if he murdered King Duncan to become King. In the very beginning of Act 2, Banquo addresses Macbeth about the witches’ prophecies saying, â€Å"I dreamed last night of the weird sisters. / To you they have shown some truth† (2. 1. 21-22). Now that Macbeth has be granted the title of Thane of Cawdor, Banquo realizes that all that is left for Macbeth is to become King. This assertion also indicates that Banquo is also interested in the prophecies because of Macbeth’s prophecies are starting to be fulfilled, than so will his. Banquo’s prophecy was that his issues or bloodline would become King, so although he himself will not take the throne, he can be assured that his feature generations will. Now that Macbeth has claimed the throne threw unlawful deeds, he begins to wonder about the heirs to his throne. He is unable to conceive a male heir with his wife Lady Macbeth and begins to ponder about Banquo’s issue saying, â€Å"To make them kings-the seed of Banquo kings! / Rather than so, come, Fate, into the list, / And champion me to utterance! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3. 1. 70-72). Here, Macbeth formally states that he will go against fate, which as stated is inexorable or unchangeable. At this very moment, Macbeth has just sealed his fate, by trying to defy anothers. Shortly after, Macbeth claims the throne through the murder of King Duncan. Clouded in his own personal goals, Macbeth attempts to go against the prophecy given to Banquo: †¦ And with him- To leave no rubs nor botches in the work- Fleance his son, that keeps him company, Whose absence is no less material to me Than is his father’s must embrace the fate Of that dark hour. †¦ (3. 1. 133-138) At this point, Macbeth plots the murders of Banquo and his son Fleance, in order to stop Banquo’s issue from becoming heirs to Macbeth’s throne as prophesized by the three witches. He states he will leave no remnants of Banquo’s bloodline in order to stop that prophecy from becoming true. Macbeth’s ambition to remain King and do what he sees fit only further affirms his very own demise. Macbeth is becoming more ruthless as the play progresses. In 4. 1. , Macbeth is approached by three apparitions, all of which tell him more of his prophecy. Macbeth is told Macduff is the only man Macbeth has to fear despite the fact that another apparition tells him that no man born from a woman can harm him. Macbeth’s ambition leads him to make further irrational decisions concerning these prophecies: Then live, Macduff. What need I fear of thee? But yet I’ll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate. Thou shalt not live, That I may tell pale-hearted fear it lies, And sleep in spite of thunder. (4. 1. 82-86) Macbeth’s ambitious nature clouds his better judgment, which leads him to want to stop this prophecy from happening as well. He failed at killing both Banquo and Fleance but that does not alter his plot of killing Macduff. Macbeth gets some assurance from the witches however when they claim no man can harm Macbeth. For this reason Macbeth damns himself further by believing he is invincible. It is only a matter of time before Macbeth will fall by the hand of Macduff. When Macduff confront Macbeth, Macbeth is fearless because he was told he could not be harmed by anyone of being born from a woman. However, Macduff is an exception to this rule and tells Macbeth â€Å"Tell thee Macduff was from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped† (5. 8. 15-17). Now Macbeth realizes that his judgment was incorrect, there nothing he can do that will save him from the ultimate mistake which ends his life. Not long after being confronted by Macduff, Macbeth comes to the realization that he is doomed saying, â€Å"Accursed be that tongue that tells me so, / For it hath cowed me better part of man!† (5. 8. 17-18). At this point Macbeth knows he cannot defeat Macduff because Macduff is the one exception to the witches’ prophecy. He can no longer cower away in his castle, nor make any more extremely misguided decisions. Perhaps if his ambition to be the best and the King of Scotland has not overtaken his better decision-making abilities, he would not have been damned to hell for murder, but he wouldn’t be slain for treason as well. Finally in his last action Macbeth makes one last charge toward Macduff despite the fact that all signs are pointing to his death and demise: Though Birnam Wood be come to Dunsinance, And thou opposed, being of no woman born, Yet I will try the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff, And damned be him that first cries ‘Hold, enough!’ (5. 8. 30-34) Macbeth knows there is no coming back from his mistakes and decides to go out in a valiant clash of metal swords. Macbeth is slain, and Macduff is the hero. It is impossible to assume that Macbeth would have done anything different had he known Macduff would kill him because it is part of Macbeth’s human nature. In closing, Wendy Greenhill, in her book Shakespeare: Man of the Theater concludes that, â€Å"As the play unfolds the audience and with the Macbeths, become painfully aware that destiny and choice are two edges of the same sword† (18). In one aspect of human nature, ambition was able to take a once noble hero, and transform him into a ruthless King that sealed his own fate by following clouded judgment. Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead, 1998. Greenhill, Wendy. Shaespeare: Man of the Theater. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2000. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Adventures in English Literature. Ed. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. New York: Harcourt School, 1996.179-249. Research Papers on Exploring Human Nature in MacbethComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Spring and AutumnTrailblazing by Eric AndersonWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on Children

Governments of Ancient Greece essays

Governments of Ancient Greece essays There were three main governments in Ancient Greece, oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. The most succesful for the Greeks was democracy. Tyranny and oligarchy were both used and were succesful to an extent but not nearly as succesful as democracy. Tyranny came about because of trade and industry which created several wealthy individuals. These individuals seized power because they were forced by the aristocracy. These people who took the power were called tyrants which is where the word tyranny comes from. Tyranny was favored by both peasants and the wealthy because they were tired of the aristocracy dominating their city-state. The power of the tyrants was kept by hiring soldiers and once the tyrants gained their power they began to build marketplaces, temples, and walls in their city-state. The things they built gained the popularity of the tyrants which led to somewhat of a spread in tyranny but this kind of government finally came to an end by the end of the sixth century due to Greeks believing in the rule of law. After tyrants had fallen, government moved in two directions, democracy and oligarchy. Sparta, a powerful Greek city-state, was an example of a powerful and very well known oligarchy. Oligarchy meant rule by few. The Spartan Government was headed by two kings. These leaders headed their Spartan army in its campaigns. Every year, the Spartans elected five mean referred to as the ephors. The ephors were responsible for the education of the youth and the conduct of all citizens. To vote on issues not covered by the ephors, a council of two kings and sixty elders was made. The Spartans decided to turn their backs to the ouside world in order to secure their state. The Spartans were not allowed to travel anywhere unless for military reasons. Foreigners who had ideas were turned away. This security plan led to Spartans not being able to study philosophy, literature, or th ...

Management communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management communication - Essay Example Their core competency lied in their ability to use minimal production processes to deliver fresh juices to their customers. However, with the recent press release, the stakes and brand name of the company has been put in line and immediate action has to be taken to rectify the miss-doings. The most important thing for now is to re-gain consumer confidence in Odwalla products and keep the brand name and reputation of Odwalla intact. As a consequence, it is important, that Odwalla tries everything in hand to avoid giving this case anymore footage than it already has been given. Confronting the health organization directly and upfront can be risky as the situation might get further aggravated, resulting in further tarnishing of company image. The most viable feasible option would be to get in touch with the research and development department of the health organizations, justify the company’s stance and processes employed to produce the juice and hold the matter resolved through negotiation. See, if there were other ways through which these bacteria had spread. If this doesn’t work out, then work on tentative deadlines, to improvise all production processes and to ensure that the Odwalla juices that are produced are bacteria free. Conduct an in-house research to see where the crux of the problem lies. If it indeed lies with the company’s production processes, then offer complete refund of all products sold in the current month, till as such date that the processes are again revamped. The primary aim of this letter is to keep you in loop about some changes that the organization is going through where the production processes of our juices is concerned. We have always been completely committed to providing our customers, the value that they are willing to pay for via our juices and shall continue with the same practice. The changes have been decided to take effect, after the management’s deliberation in to

Coral bleaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coral bleaching - Essay Example The coral bleaching was first noticed in the 1980’s and since then the reef has been experiencing frequent and repetitive mass bleaching. Though salinity has been effectively prominent, there is also presence of toxic chemicals, UV radiation as well as reduced temperatures. By the period 2012 to 2040, the experience with coral reef is expected to become more frequent in bleaching. This is seen as the greatest threat to the reef system in the world. The intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has forecast that this will mostly be caused by the high summer temperatures which induce bleaching. Other places that will be greatly damaged by the bleaching include areas around the sea for example Indian Ocean where over 90 percent of the coral cover is lost in Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania. Economists have also predicted mass coral bleaching occurrences in Hawaiian corals as well as warming of the ocean (Dove & Hoegh, 17). According to Raymond (2004), The International Tropical Ecosystems Symposium has therefore come up with ways of strengthening the network of marine managers. This will be achieved through engaging effective political and indigenous leadership in order to achieve sustainable management. Conservation of tropical marine and the costal ecosystems should also be improved in facing out the economical