The Triangle of Trade in the Atlantic Ocean During Colonial Times Research Paper

The Triangle of Trade in the Atlantic Ocean During Colonial Times - Research Paper Example Also known by the name Gustavus Vassa, his written account of his journey across the Atlantic Ocean has survived both himself and the period of slavery in the United States. What is written above, and the rest of the writings in his book, describe part of the journey on the harrowing â€Å"middle passage†, the second of three common routes and passages aboard an ocean ship, and part of the trade route commonly known to history as the triangular trade. There were many reasons why Great Britain, as it was known at the time, chose to allow its citizens to settle in what would eventually become the United States of America. Some came for religious reasons. Other settlers boarded ships out of Great Britain seeking fortune and a better way of life. The chief driving force, however, was a movement known as mercantilism, with the belief that a nation could get rich only at the expense of another1. This principle quickly spread, and before long, Great Britain realized that it had an al most unending source of raw materials in the lands known as the colonies2. The exchange of goods, or trade, has been a staple system of the world for as long as history has been written, and even before written records occurred. The classic scenario of one person or nation having what another desired, and vice versa, has made for some of the most interesting points of history. Wars have been fought, treaties signed, and lands conquered, all for the reasoning that one group or nation wanted what another possessed. Trade was not done any differently between the colonies that would become the United States and the rest of the world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Trade and commerce in the colonies grew and prospered, despite numerous obstacles. There was almost no currency in the colonies except for a small amount of gold and silver, and little to no information about what could be found in foreign ports or any lands abroad3. Shopkeepers were virtually in the dark about wh at went out outside of their own towns and cities. Information from what could be found in England was usually reliable, due in part to the Navigation Act of 1696 passed by the King, which declared any trade between the colonies and any other country was illegal, along with giving broad powers to customs agents in the colonies and allowing the holds of ships to be searched for illegal trade goods4. The simplest explanation for trade during this time would be that the colonies exported raw materials to Europe, such as furs, lumber, and fruit, and in turn, Europe sent manufactured goods to the colonies5. However, explanations are rarely simple, and indeed, the trade routes between the different continents across the Atlantic Ocean grew increasingly well-traveled as more and more goods were shipped from one country to another. Though illegal, traders continued to trade goods with countries such as France, Spain, Portugal, and Holland to gain greater profits6. By far, though, the most c ommon trade route referred to when mentioning trade between the British colonies across the Atlantic Ocean is the triangular trade route, which traded raw materials, goods, and slave cargoes between the colonies, Great Britain, and West Africa. The profits made from the global trade of sugar, tea, and coffee were the driving force behind the triangular trade, goods and products which had serviced the world for centuries7. Colonial entrepreneurs, especially in New England, built and operated ships

The language of arts Essay Example for Free

The language of arts Essay Labor, toil, travail, drudgery, and grind are listed as synonyms for work. Although these words depart from the conception that many non-artists have about art, it is common to hear artists talk about the drudgery and even boredom that is very often part of the process of making art. The antonym for work is play, a word that is probably more closely associated with art in the minds of many people that the idea that â€Å"art means work. † Although an attitude of flexibility or playfulness is an important aspect of creativity, the notion that art means play is not the best model for art educators to present to students or to the public. The notions that â€Å"art is fun,† â€Å"art is play,† â€Å"art is easy,† â€Å"anyone can do it,† â€Å"whatever is done is alright,† and an excessively long list of associated attitudes about art are not only damaging to the educational credibility of art as a mainstream subject in the school, but such notions are false without the balancing conception that art means work. The truth is that it is very rewarding to gain competency as an artist, but competency is not achieved without significant effort, all of which might not always be classified as fun. Everyone can make or do some kind of art at some level, but significant accomplishment is associated with high standards that usually require years of dedicated effort to achieve. Fortunately the path of learning and achieving in art can be exciting and rewarding to travel if the traveler’s expectations are sufficiently informed to anticipate the necessity and desirability of work (Kieran 2003). As a verb, work means â€Å"to fashion or create by expending labor or exertion upon something: the potter works the clay; the jeweler works the copper, silver or gold. Artists work art materials, but also work ideas or concepts, composing and altering until the desired results are achieved. When confronted with technical or expressive problems, artists apply their creative powers to work out solutions. But aside from these dictionary definitions, there is perhaps a more essential connotation for our slogan, art means work. There is something about the essence of art that stands for high quality work, for in the making of art care must be exercised or expanded. When workers in any occupation or profession perform in such an excellent manner, exhibiting high levels of skill, innovation, or quality, we apply the honorific â€Å"artist† to those persons. John Dewey described a work of art as â€Å"an object elaborated with every loving care of united thought and emotion. † Real art is not produced by uncaring individuals. The art produced by caring novices, children or adults, who apply their skills to the current limits of these capacities for artistic expression, is real art (Kieran 2003). Rather recently school people have incorporated the term â€Å"the language of arts† into their vocabularies, but they have not always realized the full meaning of the phrase. In considering the language arts, they have usually emphasized the language rather than the arts. A recent educational yearbook on the topic, for example, not only fails to develop the language arts as n integrated group of communication activities but makes practically no mention of the separate divisions of the group as real arts. The whole point of view in teaching the various fine arts has changed within the last generation, but the new approach has not yet affected the teaching of the language arts as arts. The language arts and the fine arts are closely related fields. One of Webster’s definitions of â€Å"art† is â€Å"application of skill and taste to production according to aesthetic principles. † The language arts, too, are concerned with various types â€Å"production,† such as speaking, writing, or dramatizing-all involving skills, taste, and aesthetic principles. In the past the language arts have been regarded as skills necessary for ordinary living, while production in the fine arts has been considered a rare, creative act. Today this distinction is hardly tenable. The modern view is that the child crudely modeling clay, the peasant woman weaving, and the man admiring a steam shovel at work-all may be having art experiences; art is the province of every human being. Similarly the language arts are now considered as involving not only certain mechanical skills but also certain types of art experiences (Kouwenhoven 1967). A small child’s reactions to a well-told story or an older child’s fashioning of the written account of a personal adventure may also be true art experiences. It seems worth while, therefore, to enlarge on the idea that the language arts and the fine arts have much in common in themselves and in the types of experience which they can provide for boys and girls.

What Are Aforestation And Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are Aforestation And Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay 2.causes of the deforestation in the world:- (1)Forests are threatened by both biotic and a-biotic factors such as climatic hazards, diseases prompted by insects or pathogens, threats of a purely anthropogenic nature, fires, atmospheric pollution, deforastation, and the increase in social pressures.   But this classic division is a bit artificial, since man is partly responsible for all these threats.  Indeed the mark of human actions is always present : it is however relatively moderate concerning climatic disorder despite the emissions of greenhouse gases, responsible for important destructions ; it is average in the sensitive growth of certain artificial forestry stands prone to parasitic attacks ; it is preponderant in the phenomena of atmospheic pollution or of deforestation. These aggressions will therefore be classed by groups but keeping an effort to maintain classification by growing order of mans implications, and therefore the possibility of theoretical intervention will also increase.(1) (3)Agricultural purposes Grazing cattle or planting crops. Poor farmers in developing countries chop down a small area of trees and burn them, which provide nutrients for the soil (know as the Slash-and-Burn technique). This supply is quickly exhausted so the farmers move on to a fresh area, and the cycle starts again. This occurs on a much larger scale for intensive or modern agriculture e.g. large cattle pastures often replace rain forest to grow beef . Commercial logging the cutting down of trees for sale as timber or pulp. In the developed world, there are increasing demands for hardwoods such as mahogany and ebony. The rate at which trees are felled is increasing to meet these demands. People in third world countries need the timber for firewood, as its practically the only source of fuel available to people living there. The heavy machinery used (e.g. bulldozers) is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to individual trees.(3) Climatic hazards and natural catastrophes (4)Climatic hazards or natural catastrophes are pratically independent from the actions of the man. However, the worries concerning eventual future climatic changes, due to the consequences of green house gases from industrial pollution are going to grow. It is sufficient to study here not the ways of fighting these aggressions, but those measures to take before forestry stands are subjected to these events.   Forests are submitted more than any other terrestrial ecosystem to climatic hazards, due to the duration of their maturity, wich can take up to 200 years. In such a period the number of climatic hazards can be great. Storms and win-blow Storms have had an important destructive effect throughout this century, especially throughout the last twenty five years in Europe, destroying millions of m3 of wood, the following 1990, almost 110 million m3 destroyed throughout Europe.   1999, 140 million m3 in France.   These anarchic destructions greatly perturb cutting cycles and general forestry work. Delaying The development of the forest and disrupting the wood market. Against such freak winds forestry management has very little power. However, although foresters are unable to prevent such catastrophes, they have the power to limit the destruction of violent winds by favouring the development of stands that are more wind resistant, and by adopting a prudent and diverse outlook towards management. Periods of drought Water stress renders forestry stands very fragile. They can arise either by a change in the distribution of water throughout the seasons, for the same quantity of annual precipitation (the supply therefore being brought forward in relation to the demand of forest stands), or by a fall in the annual volume of precipitation. It has now been established that the numerous cases of dieback observed in forests stands throughout the world in the last ten years (which at the time were entirely blamed on atmospheric pollution) are due in part, to periodic water stress. In fact, those observations realised concern those forests in regions subjected to strong pollution fall out, but also forests of less affected regions.    Biotic Threats Diseases and the attack of insects : brief overview of the situation   Insects and fungi play an important part towards the causes of dieback in many forests of the world.   These biotic agents intervene, either as primary agressors, or most often as secondary agressors, often attacking already weakened stands. The examples of diseases and illnesses caused by pathogens are unfortunately numerous and only a few will be outlined. These illnesses develop, either as a result of native pathogenic activity, or by the invasion of the non-native agents in non-resistant stands. Robredo and Cadahia drew up a very complete table of the world situation concerning this problem during the tenth world forestry congress, from wich the following text is largely inspired (in COLLECTIF. The forest, inheritance of the future Acts of the tenth forestry congress . French forestry revue. Nancy, 1991.). In North Africa, natural cedar stands are attacked by xylophitic insects , during periods of climatic stress. In Spain,  Abies pinsapo  is subjected to combined attacks of theFungi  Fomes annosus, and xylophitic and cortical perforating insects. In Europe, dieback can be observed amongst various oak species, most notably, the cork oak and evergreen oak (attacks of  Diplodia  andHypoxilon). In Quebec, the pine shoot moth periodically attacks the annual shoots of (Abies balsamea and Picea glauca) as in the whole of the North East of North America. This indigenous insect reaches epidemic proportions roughly every thirty years. The last infestation (1938-1958) provoked the death of 60 % of Firs and 20 % of Spruces. At the end of 1975, an epidemic breakout covered 35 million ha of Quebec. Fires:-Fire has always been an element present in many forestry ecosystems. Natural causes of fire exist such as lightening and volcanic eruptions. The area subjected to natural fires has been very important and can cover millions of hectares. However the lapse of time is generally long between successive fires, permitting the ecosystem to recover and reconstitute itself.   Large fires have always ravaged the surface of the earth. In the North of China, 1.33 million ha went up in flames in 1987 ; more than 3.5 million ha were burnt in Kalimantan (Borneo) between 1982 and 1983 ; in 1988, 400.000 ha were destroyed by fire in the United States in yellow stone national park. Recently in 1993, considerable damage was done by an enormous fire in Australia. The importance of human factor The main causes of contemporary fires and anthropogenic : This is the case with the recurrent fires in the European Mediterranean zone, or those fires provoked in tropical humid zones, which have their goal the clearing of land for agriculture. In dry tropical zones with mixed broadleaved forests and rich undergrowth, human populations have always used fire to make way for grazing and agriculture. In Europe, figures gathered by the FAO permit one to establish the area of forest burnt annually between 1980 and 1988, i.e. some 585.000 ha. During the same period North America lost some 3.5 million hectares of forest to fires. That percentage attribued to human causes being around 97% in Europe, 91% in the United States and 66% in Canada. Very little is known concerning the equivalent information for the entire world. The total wooded surface touched by fire annually is around 10 million hectares, which represents some 0.3% of the total world forested area. However the impact of these fires is more important than this small percentage suggests. In fact, in the zones where the frequence of fires is high, the destructive character of such fires is worsened by the fact that forest stands do not have the time to reconstitute themselves between the passage of two consecutive fires.   An Integrated policy for the prevention and fighting of fires The methods of fighting fires must be adapted to the socio-cultural environment in which they are put into place. Developed countries Developed countries possess the necessary materials to permit them to carry out a No-fire policy in order to satisfy public opinion, which is generally very sensitive to this form of threat to the natural environment. In this case, a perfect coordination between terrestrial and aerial fire fighting means must be provided, in addition to the active participation of the public and private forestry sectors, for example, in the participation of preventive operations and detective procedures.   Developing countries In developing countries or in natural regions wich are less densely populated, one must accept that a part of the wooded surface will be burnt. This practice is due to an agro-silvo-pastoral culture wich includes positive elements and is therefore difficult to condemn. Solutions can not be looked for without taking into account the subsistence requirements of those populations concerned.(4) 3. BENEFITS OF AFORESTATION (5)Afforestation refers to the conversion of wasteland into a woodland or forest. It is essentially the transformation of land which has not been forested for a period of more than 40 year to woodland through seeding and planting. Afforestation is the best technique used to minimize the greenhouse effect. Therefore, there is constant necessity to develop afforestation programs in order to preserve and protect the forestry including the wasteland. A massive afforestation program is required to meet the increasing demand of fuel wood, timber and fodder. Here are the main benefits of afforestation. 1. Preserves wildlife Afforestation is useful especially when it comes to protecting the wildlife. According to recent scientific studies, upland forest vegetation tends to affect the population of birds on neighboring unplanted moorlands. Planting of trees simply restores and maintains ecological balance of all systems in the environment. 2. Tourist attraction Trees provide oxygen and also help to preserve ecological splendor of the landscape which in turn attracts tourists from all parts of the world. 3. Minimizes soil erosion Soil erosion is significantly reduced as tree plantations prevent run off after heavy rains. In addition, trees bring soils together which prevents soil erosion. 4. Provides forest products With an increase in demand for forest and timber products, afforestation is very valuable due to the explosion of livestock and human population. For that reason, construction of infrastructure has led to the demand of forest products. 5. Stabilizes the climate Planting of trees in semi-arid areas attracts rainfall. This way, agricultural practices such as irrigation are carried out efficiently. In addition, afforestation acts as a catchment for water and soil conservation.(5) 4 .EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION (8)When forests are killed, nature basically requires people to renew the forest. Reforestation is one concept that is in the opposite direction as deforestation, but is proven to be a much harder effort than deforestation. So the rate of deforestation has not been offset by the rate of reforestation. Thus, the world is now in a troubled state when it comes to issues concerning the environment. Climate Change When an area of rainforest is either cut down or destroyed, there are various climate changes that happen as a result. The following is a list of the various climate changes with a brief description of why they come about. Desication of previously moist forest soil What happens is because of the exposure to the sun, the soil gets baked and the lack of canopy leaves nothing to prevent the moisture from quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. Thus, previously moist soil becomes dry and cracked. Dramatic Increase in Temperature Extremes Trees provide shade and the shaded area has a moderated temperature. With shade, the temperature may be 98 degrees Farenheit during the day and 60 degrees at night. With out the shade, temperatures would be much colder during the night and around 130 degrees during the day. Moist Humid Region Changes to Desert This is related to the desicaiton of previously moist forest soil. Primarily because of the lack of moisture and the inability to keep moisture, soil that is exposed to the sun will dry and turn into desert sand. Even before that happens, when the soil becomes dry, dust storms become more frequent. At that point, the soil becomes usesless. No Recycling of Water Moisture from the oceans fall as rain on adjacent coastal regions. The moisture is soon sent up to the atmosphere through the transpiration of foliage to fall again on inland forest areas. This cycle repeats several times to rain on all forest regions. Less Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Exchange The rainforests are important in the carbon dioxide exchange process. They are second only to oceans as the most important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The most recent survey on deforestaiton and greenhouse gas emisions reports that deforestation may account for as much as 10% of current greenhouse gas emmisions. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that literally trap heat. There is a theory that as more greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere, more heat gets trapped. Thus, there is a global warming trend in which the average temperature becomes progressivily higher. The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such reaction would use up oxygen It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone depletion. More Desertification According to the United Nations Enviromental Programme (UNEP) in 1977, deforestation is an important factor contributing to desertificaiton. What is unclear is how fast deserts are expanding is controversial. According to UNEP, between 1958 and 1975, the Saharen Desert expanded southward by about 100km. In 1980 UNEP estimated that desertification threatened 35 per cent of the worlds land surface and 20 per cent of the worlds population. Recently, groups challenged those conclusions. Some scientists claim that the conclusion were based on insufficient data. Nevertheless, desertification still threatens more and more drylands.(8) 7.(3)(Soil Erosion Soil Erosion   The trees and shrubs in a forest cover the ground and protect the soil from the rain. Tree leaves intercept the rain fall, and shrubs and leaf litter protects the soil from water dripping off the leaves. With this protection removed, the rain falls directly onto the bare soil and erodes it. The rain also leaches the soil of important nutrients, making it less fertile. 8. The Greenhouse Effect   During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given out. Deforestation removes the carbon sinks, and coupled with the carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase. The carbon dioxide forms a blanket around the earth and traps heat from solar radiation. This is called the greenhouse effect, and causes the average temperature of the earth to rise. If this continues, the polar ice caps could melt and cause flooding. 9. Disruption of the Hydrological Cycle   Deforestation can effect the local climate of an area by reducing the evaporative cooling that takes place from the soil and plants. Because the amount of evapotranspiration has been reduced, the formation of clouds and therefore precipitation is also reduced. This threatens the existence of the remaining plants in the forest. Deforestation can also cause flooding. In forested areas, flood water is absorbed into the soil and taken up by the tree roots. The water is then transpired through aerial parts of the plant and into the atmosphere, where it forms clouds. In deforested areas, the flood water runs across the area and is not stopped by vegetation. The top layer of soil is eroded in this process and gets transported into rivers where it causes the level of silt to rise. This rise in the river level causes floods to occur more frequently. Less evaporation also means that more of the suns energy is used to warm the surface and consequently the air above, leading to a rise in temperatures. 10. Spreading of Disease   the mosquito, anopheles darlingi, which spreads malaria parasites, breeds in pools of water that are created in deforested land and on eroded land. Deforestation therefore favours a population explosion of this species.(3) (6)11. Flooding. Deforestation can result to watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Trees are highly effective in absorbing water quantities, keeping the amount of water in watersheds to a manageable level. The forest also serves as a cover against erosion. Once they are gone, too much water can result to downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. As fertile topsoil is eroded and flooded into the lower regions, many coastal fisheries and coral reefs suffer from the sedimentation brought by the flooding. This results to negative effects in the economic viability of many businesses and fatalities in wildlife population.(6) 12. Other Effects (7)(a) Demand for land for cultivation. This has been seen both in Kenya and other parts of the world especially countries that have Agriculture as the backbone of their economy. Trees have been cut down to obtain land for cultivation of both subsistence and cash crops, both by governments and individuals. b) Need for firewood People, especially those who live in rural areas where electricity and gas are unavailable, resort to use of firewood as a source of heat. Here, wood is cut down and burnt. c) Need for land to build industries Industries require a lot of land and while industrialization is important for every country, it is the bane of large tracts of forest. People need jobs in order to provide for their daily needs. d) Need for land to build houses With the worldwide increase in population, land to build houses for people to live in is very much required. e) Need for wood for furniture, pencils, paper etc)(7) (8)There many rewards such as clean air and clean water, perhaps the two most important, that forests provide. Rainforests also provide many aesthetic, recreational and cultural rewards. If the rainforests are destroyed, then these rewards dissappear. This has major social repercusions for the entire world.(8) Effect to biodiversity (7)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Destruction of animal habitats: Apart from domesticated animals and marine and fresh water animals, all other animals need forests as their habitats. These forests do not only provide a place for the animals to roam day but also provide their food and act as a source of protection from predators through camouflage. Destruction of the animals habitats literally kills the animals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Medicinal Plants: Some trees are used as herbs. Trees such as the Cinchona have been used as treatment against Malaria since time immemorial. Destruction of these forests leads to destruction of medicinal plants that could be used as treatment for various ailments.(7) (9)Forests are natural habitats to many types of animals and organisms. That is why, when there is deforestation, many animals are left without shelters. Those that manage to go through the flat lands and residential sites are then killed by people. Through the years, it is estimated that there are millions of plant and extinct animal species that have been wiped out because they have been deprived of home. Thus, biodiversity is significantly lowered because of the savage deforestation practices of some people. Wildlife advocates have been constantly reminding that several wild animals left in the world could still be saved if deforested forests would only be reforested and the practice of slash and burn of forests would be totally abandoned. Social effects of deforestation Deforestation is hardly hitting the living conditions of indigenous people who consider forests as their primary habitats. Imagine how they are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. These natives would be forced to live elsewhere, and are usually left to becoming mendicants in rural and urban areas. water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the soil surface and not be retained by the soil. Overall, effects of deforestation cannot be offset by the contribution of the practice to development. While it is logical that progress is very much needed by mankind, it must also be noted that nature knows no defeat. Destruct it and it would certainly retaliate, one way or another. Pollution is rapidly growing along with population. Forests are greatly helping reduce the amount of pollutants in the air. So, the depletion of these groups of trees is greatly increasing the risk that carbon monoxide would reach the atmosphere and result in the depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn results to global warming.(9) 5. SOLUTION OF DEFORESTATION (3)Reforesting   this is especially popular in Vietnam, where most of their forests were destroyed during the war. Now, every pupil has to plant a tree and look after it. Bans   generally, people want a ban on the logging of ancient-growth forests and possibly compensating companies for not logging certain areas. Sustainable Forests   using forest and the animals and plants that live in them in ways that do not permanently damage them. This could mean taking only as much timber or other products as the forests can support so that they will continue to be productive in future years. Recycling   an option for the wealthier countries in the world to cut down on their consumption of forest products in general. Protected Areas   environmental organisations like WWF and Friend of the Earth can offer legal protection for certain areas by campaigning and informing governments over the necessity to protect a proportion of the world forests from destruction. Produce   an increase in demand for products which have their origin in tropical rainforests e.g. body creams, bath oils, sweets, fruits and nuts, would make the forests more secure, as a large number of trees are needed to produce a large yield.(3) (10)False Solutions:  1. Sustainable Commercial Logging On a governmental level, attempted solutions to deforestation caused by the timber industry have emphasised the necessity of supporting sustainable timber extraction. Such approaches assume, without supporting evidence, that rainforests can be used as an industrial resource base for timber on a sustainable basis. This has resulted in more rather than less deforestation. The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) has had to acknowledge that serious attempts at sustainable management of tropical rainforests for timber production are on a world scale, negligible. As well as the technical obstacles to sustainability, the industry has shown itself to be unable to operate free from corruption. The only systematic attempt to disclose such corruption has been in Papua New Guinea, where a recent inquire concluded that there can be no doubt that the timber industry, by its very nature, is conducive to acts of a criminal nature and acts contrary to law and proper government administration.   2. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP), the first major international initiative to tackle tropical deforestation, was launched in 1985 by the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), The World Resources Institute, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. It claimed to offer a cure for tropical deforestation and its supposed causes, but its flaws were apparent from the outset. It was based on the assumption that poverty and overpopulation are the main underlying causes of tropical deforestation and failed to recognise the role of the developed countries. It paid lip service to the role of landlessness and destructive development, but made no real attempt to deal with them. The TFAP regarded deforestation as a result of too little government control and called for all rainforests to eventually come under government jurisdiction. Rather than calling for reforms to inequitable land ownership, the TFAP often requires annexation of traditional lands for govern ment forestry estates.   Donor countries are becoming unwilling to fund TFAP projects. Peru, Colombia, Panama and Argentina have received less than 10% of the funding required for their national TFAP projects. The US Senate is now refusing to fund the TFAP at all, and Britain has said it will withdraw from the Plan entirely unless coordination of the TFAP is moved out of the FAO. 3. The Limits of Reserve Strategies A significant proportion of tropical biodiversity would already be lost if nature reserves, often initiated by private conservation organisations, had not been established. However, all too often indigenous peoples, living harmoniously with their environment, have been expelled from protected areas or subjected to controls that have led to the disintegration of their cultures.  Ã‚  It is a misconception to believe that nature reserves can conserve the greater proportion of the genetic diversity of tropical rainforests, where the number of individuals of each species per unit area tends to be low, but the total number of species can be enormous. On average, ten hectares of lowland tropical rainforest in South East Asia will contain more tree species than the whole of North America.  Ã‚  It is therefore inevitable that any large-scale projects which destroy rainforests will lead to the extinction of hundreds of species. Only by providing the widest possible protection for the remaining primary rainforests will it be possible to save the greater part of the Earths biological diversity from extinction. Strictly protected nature reserves can only be a supportive measure in an overall programme for the protection of rainforest ecosystems. The creation of nature reserves must not be used as justification for the destructive exploitation of unprotected rainforest areas.   4. The International Biodiversity Programme The World Bank is pursuing the goal of a global Biodiversity Action Programme. Like the TEAP, this plan fails to confront underlying causes of biodiversity loss, and is likely to worsen the problem it is supposed to solve. Loss of biodiversity in tropical regions is due to the trend towards replacement of traditional species-rich agriculture and forestry with monocultures. Yet under the Biodiversity Programme, monocultures would be encouraged. The Programme sees the setting aside of reserves as the solution to the problem, but the minimum size required for viable areas of tropical forest is unknown. Worse, the setting aside of reserves is likely to be used as an excuse for the unrestricted exploitation of unprotected areas. The Programme would also increase the control of biodiversity by the North at the expense of the South. TOWARDS REALISTIC SOLUTIONS: Alternatives to destructive exploitation of tropical forests are to be found in small-scale initiatives coming from the grass roots in tropical countries, not from ill-conceived large-scale prestige projects such as the TFAP 1. Recognising the Rights of Traditional Owners. The Australian Rainforest Memorandum, produced by the Rainforest Information Centre and endorsed by over 40 non-governmental organisations, asserts that: The right to cultural survival for all tribal peoples is inviolable. All possible efforts should be made to support and safeguard their rights and those of other forest dwellers, in particular the right to security of land tenure.  About one thousand rainforest cultures still exist. Nearly all of them are in conflict with the development strategies of the dominant social classes and international development agencies that have taken control of their lands and who consistently ignore their basic rights and often even their very existence. It is significant that the most successful projects to save rainforests are those which have been carried out in cooperation with the traditional owners of the forests. In Papua New Guinea and Ecuador, the Rainforest Information Centre and other organisations have been involved in schemes which support the legitimate development aspirations of traditional landowners with small-scale autonomous projects. In 1990, the Colombian Government gave back half its Amazonian territory to its rightful Indian owners, acknowledging that they were the best guardians of the forest. In Malaysia, Indonesia and the many other countries where the rights of traditional owners have been ignored, attempts to save rainforests have been uniformly unsuccessful. 2. Non-Timber Values The economic value of keeping rainforests is often overlooked. Rainforests provide essential and renewable sources of fruits, starches, oils, medicines, firewood, animal products, building materials and other projects when extraction is well-managed. However, the value of rainforest goods and services to local human populations is usually ignored in the economic analyses upon which development decisions are based because these societies often operate with little involvement in the cash economy. In many tropical countries, major sections of the population depend directly on intact rainforests for their daily needs. The people of Papua New Guinea, for instance, obtain 58% of their animal protein from rainforest areas.   In large regions of West Africa, people until recently met 65% of their animal protein needs from rainforests. This situation changed as the forests were destroyed by the establishment of export plantations and the timber industry.   Although the careful management of non-timber forest products has considerable national and international; potential, these resources are being lost through the destruction of the tropical forests. In the Amazon, over two million people depend on rubber, Brazil nuts and other minor forest products without damaging the biological integrity of the rainforest. Recent studies have shown that the value of non-timber forest products often far exceeds the value of timber in tropical forests. A study in the rainforests of Peru showed that the economic value of the minor forest products, including fruits, resins and medicines which were actually being marketed, exceeded the value of use the forest for timber by nine to one.   However, assessment of the potential of non-timber forest projects to provide for the market beyond a regional level must include careful ecological auditing. Available suggests that the specific ecological characteristics and the soil and microclimate conditions of tropical rainforests limit the possibilities for sustainable exploitation to a much greater degree than in temperate ecosystems. In fact primary rainforest

Anne Tylers classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Essay

Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant In Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the reader experiences a variety of conflicts between parent and child, one of the most apparent being that between Pearl Tull and her eldest son, Cody. These two characters never seem to see eye to eye, as Pearl prefers to see only the negative aspects of her children. Cody never truly relates to Pearl and her manic ways. As the conflict unfolds between Pearl and Cody, the deeper meaning of the story is revealed; there is never a perfect family, but nonetheless, theirs is a family. As the first child, Cody is expected to excel and be the ideal son. He establishes a rebellious personality once his younger brother Ezra is born. Because of this brotherly competition, he and Pearl never really get along. Whether or not they even truly loved each other is an idea to be questioned. Pearl doesn't like the idea that Cody might, for once in his life, be better than Ezra. The reader sees this in chapter 2, when Pearl insists that Ezra try to shoot ... Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Essay Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant In Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the reader experiences a variety of conflicts between parent and child, one of the most apparent being that between Pearl Tull and her eldest son, Cody. These two characters never seem to see eye to eye, as Pearl prefers to see only the negative aspects of her children. Cody never truly relates to Pearl and her manic ways. As the conflict unfolds between Pearl and Cody, the deeper meaning of the story is revealed; there is never a perfect family, but nonetheless, theirs is a family. As the first child, Cody is expected to excel and be the ideal son. He establishes a rebellious personality once his younger brother Ezra is born. Because of this brotherly competition, he and Pearl never really get along. Whether or not they even truly loved each other is an idea to be questioned. Pearl doesn't like the idea that Cody might, for once in his life, be better than Ezra. The reader sees this in chapter 2, when Pearl insists that Ezra try to shoot ...

Giordano’s current positioning strategy Essay

Giordano’s current positioning strategy is value for money or quality merchandise at affordable prices. That’s differentiating their products compare to other rivals. Moreover they put their service different with high level of service provided to customer, their sales staff is dedicated, ever smiling, well mannered and helpful. Those positioning strategies were success due to filling a gap in the market for trendy, yet reasonably priced unisex apparel, reinforcing the positioning with the appropriate marketing communications and the delivery of quality service. Giordano reposition itself against its competitors in its current and new markets: The possibility of changing current positioning in the light of developments in the industry, particularly with respect to consumers’ desire for trendier fashion, as well as the increase in the number and strength of competitors should also be discussed. For instance, students could critique the firm’s interpretation of these trends and its subsequent decision to upgrade its image and capture the up-scale segment. Obviously, this move may cause problems with its current core target segments. This was apparent from the failure of its Giordano Ladies’ venture, because the positioning strategy failed to differentiate the up-scale segment from the value-conscious segment. Giordano has fought hard to establish its brand name for its value-for-money proposition, but it is also because of its established branding that Giordano cannot easily change its positioning. However, it can be seen that Giordano took measures to avoid the problems of brand dilution, and to overcome its apparent difficulty in moving consumers’ perception of Giordano towards a high-end positioning. For instance, it established a new product line, Bluestar Exchange, to cater to the needs of its existing value-for-money segment and revamped the core brand with extensive marketing communications and gave its stores a new look. Giordano initially tried to acquire Theme International in November 1999 to carry its line of up-market ladies apparel, but its take-over bid was rejected by Theme’s management and stockholders. Instead of giving up entering the up-market segment, it re-launched Giordano Ladies and Giordano Junior to carry a trendier line of apparel, with encouraging results. We may conclude that, Giordano should not lose its focus on customer services as one of its core differentiating factors. Should it have different positioning strategies for different markets? There are possible problems with having different positioning strategies in different markets. For instance, the recent slight shift towards a higher end from the current low-end value-for-money positioning in Hong Kong was not fully executed in its other markets. Customers in these markets may become confused as to what Giordano stands for, and this inconsistency makes effective service strategy implementation difficult, particularly as consumers are becoming increasingly mobile and travel more frequently between Giordano’s core markets. In addition, economies of scale in apparel purchase, design and market communications may be diluted, if different strategies are followed across markets. If this trend persisted, Giordano may dilute its brand name and possibly might weaken its competitive advantage in other areas as well. Probably, Giordano would do better to keep a consistent positioning, keep its management focused on its core strengths, and send a clear message to all its staff and customers. Giordano are slowly and gradually moved its positioning upwards to meet the rising affluence, and hence the resulting desire for high end apparel, of its core target segment. As Giordano enters into new markets and face strong and similarly positioned competitors in these markets (The Gap in the US, Japan and most European markets), the pressure to adopt a slightly different position that suits the unique market situation of a particular country may increase. In this case, students could suggest that Giordano acquire another existing brand or start-up a new business entity under a different brand, with its own positioning strategy. In fact, this is illustrated by Giordano’s recent venture, Bluestar Exchange, which catered to amore price-conscious, mass-market segment. However, this strategy is extremely risky due to the costs involved in building a new marketing strategy and brand, and students may come to the conclusion that having a consistent positioning may be the etter option even if it means competing head-on with established brands. In conclusion, a potential strategy for Giordano could be to maintain its positioning in Hong Kong and over time slowly and gradually shift its position in its other markets slightly more up-market to follow its Hong Kong positioning. This strategy would have the added advantage that it would move upwards together with its core target segments, which is also developing upwards in terms of education and increasing disposable income due to most of Giordano’s Asian markets are developing fast. We believe that in the balance, it would be better for Giordano to maintain a consistent positioning across all markets, even when Giordano decides to enter countries with entrenched competitors with similar positioning. Should these competitors be too strong, we feel that it would be better not to enter this market rather than try to establish a new brand and strategy. The main reason is that this would be expensive and high risk as less of Giordano’s core strengths could be transferred to this new market, and benefits from economies of scale could not fully be reaped like in terms of manufacturing volumes, marketing and training.

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum Spartas one colony, Tarentum, in Italy, was a wealthy commercial center with a navy, but an inadequate army. When a Roman squadron of ships arrived at the coast of Tarentum, in violation of a treaty of 302 that denied Rome access to its harbor, the Tarentines sank the ships, killed the admiral, and added insult to injury by spurning Roman ambassadors. To retaliate, the Romans marched on Tarentum, which hired soldiers from King Pyrrhus of Epirus (in modern Albania) to help defend it. Pyrrhus troops were heavy-armed foot soldiers with lances, a cavalry, and a herd of elephants. They fought the Romans in the summer of 280 B.C. The Roman legions were equipped with (ineffective) short swords, and the Roman cavalry horses couldnt stand against the elephants. The Romans were routed, losing about 7000 men, but Pyrrhus lost perhaps 4000, whom he couldnt afford to lose. Despite his diminished manpower, Pyrrhus advanced from Tarentum to the city of Rome. Arriving there, he realized he had made a mistake and asked for peace, but his offer was rejected. Soldiers had always come from the propertied classes, but under the blind censor Appius Claudius, Rome now drew troops from citizens without property. Appius Claudius was from a family whose name was known throughout Roman history. The gens produced Clodius Pulcher (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, and the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. An evil early Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, in 451 B.C. They trained through the winter and marched in the spring of 279, meeting Pyrrhus near Ausculum. Pyrrhus again won by virtue of his elephants and again, at great cost to himself a Pyrrhic victory. He returned to Tarentum and again asked Rome for peace. A couple of years later, Pyrrhus attacked Roman troops near Malventum/Beneventum; this time, unsuccessfully. Defeated, Pyrrhus left with the surviving fraction of the troops he had brought with him. When the garrison Pyrrhus had left behind in Tarentum departed in 272, Tarentum fell to Rome. In the terms of their treaty, Rome did not require the people of Tarentum to supply troops, as it did with most allies, but instead Tarentum had to provide ships. Rome now controlled Magna Graecia in the south, as well as most of the rest of Italy to the Gauls in the north. Source: A History of the Roman Republic, by Cyril E. Robinson, NY Thomas Y. Crowell Company Publishers: 1932

Free Essays on American Civil War

The American Civil War â€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal† (Barney 147). Abraham Lincoln’s famous opening statement of the Gettysburg Address shows the general attitude of the Northern United States in this Civil War. The American Civil War was a war fought between the northern sixteen states making up the United States and the eleven seceded states creating the Confederate States of America between 1861 and 1865 (Civil 1- 5)(Catton 567). There were many different economical and political reasons for this war, but as Lincoln often noted slavery was the root cause (Barney 61). Most of the battles in this great war occurred very close to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, although many key battles were won and lost in the heart of the nation (Barney 349). The American Civil War was one of the most influential events in American history. Lincoln’s victory in the election of 1860 was the "straw" that broke the Union into two separate countries, the north and the south. The first state to leave the union was South Carolina; it was soon followed by six other states: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. History showed that it wasn’t until Lincoln called for troops in April of 1861 that Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee join the south completing the eleven state confederacy (Civil 1-5). Lincolns call for troops had an overwhelming turnout from all sixteen of the United States: Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin (Katcher 155-56). The list of great generals and soldiers on both sides of this conflict seems to never end. There were many great... Free Essays on American Civil War Free Essays on American Civil War The American Civil War â€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal† (Barney 147). Abraham Lincoln’s famous opening statement of the Gettysburg Address shows the general attitude of the Northern United States in this Civil War. The American Civil War was a war fought between the northern sixteen states making up the United States and the eleven seceded states creating the Confederate States of America between 1861 and 1865 (Civil 1- 5)(Catton 567). There were many different economical and political reasons for this war, but as Lincoln often noted slavery was the root cause (Barney 61). Most of the battles in this great war occurred very close to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, although many key battles were won and lost in the heart of the nation (Barney 349). The American Civil War was one of the most influential events in American history. Lincoln’s victory in the election of 1860 was the "straw" that broke the Union into two separate countries, the north and the south. The first state to leave the union was South Carolina; it was soon followed by six other states: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. History showed that it wasn’t until Lincoln called for troops in April of 1861 that Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee join the south completing the eleven state confederacy (Civil 1-5). Lincolns call for troops had an overwhelming turnout from all sixteen of the United States: Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin (Katcher 155-56). The list of great generals and soldiers on both sides of this conflict seems to never end. There were many great... Free Essays on American Civil War The American Civil War I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the events surrounding the end of the American Civil War. This war was a war of epic proportion. Never before and not since have so many Americans died in battle. The American Civil War was truly tragic in terms of human life. In this document, I will speak mainly around those involved on the battlefield in the closing days of the conflict. Also, reference will be made to the leading men behind the Union and Confederate forces. The war was beginning to end by January of 1865. By then, Federal (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had shrunk extremely in size. In the year before, the North had lost an enormous amount of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the South. General Grant became known as the "Butcher" (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.,1894) and many wanted to see him removed. But Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war continued. This paper will follow the happenings and events between the winter of 1864-65 and the surrender of The Confederate States of America. All of this will most certainly illustrate that April 9, 1865 was indeed the end of a tragedy. II. CUTTING OFF THE SOUTH In September of 1864, General William T. Sherman and his army cleared the city of Atlanta of its civilian population then rested ever so briefly. It was from there that General Sherman and his army began its famous "march to the sea". The march covered a distance of 400 miles and was 60 miles wide on the way. For 32 days no news of him reached the North. He had cut himself off from his base of supplies, and his men lived on what ever they could get from the country through which they passed. On their route, the army destroyed anything and everything that they could not use but was presumed usable to t...

The eNotes Blog Owl Eyes Annotated Texts A Great Resource to Add to Your Teacher Toolbox ÂÂ

Owl Eyes Annotated Texts A Great Resource to Add to Your Teacher Toolbox  Ã‚   The beginning of a new season  is always a good time to consider new ways to engage students in the classroom. One way to do it- only a few keyboard clicks away- is to incorporate Owl Eyes annotated texts into lesson plans and instruction. In case you’re unfamiliar with using the annotated texts at Owl Eyes, here are a few things to know to get started. First of all, they’re free, and they’re comprehensive! At Owl Eyes you will find hundreds of poems, short stories, novels, and essays to which instructional annotations have been added throughout the texts- and hundreds of additional annotated works are on the way. In the annotated texts, individual words and specific passages are highlighted. Clicking on a highlighted word or passage displays an annotation that enhances reading comprehension and understanding of the text: Some annotations define vocabulary words. Some provide information about the author or place the text in a literary context. Some explain allusions, clarify language, or interpret passages for implied meaning. Some feature reading-check quiz questions and answers. The annotated texts can be used in a variety of ways to accomplish different purposes in the classroom. For instance, they’re a great resource to use in planning lessons: Reading the annotations provides a quick review of the content of the text. Annotations draw attention to important points to include in instruction and class discussion. Vocabulary lists can be constructed from the specific words in the text that are highlighted and defined in annotations. Quiz questions and answers found in the annotations can be used in assessment. If you have the technology to incorporate the annotated texts into classroom activities, the texts become useful in even more ways as students read on their own. Because the texts are interactive, students  become engaged in their own learning as they move through a reading selection and click on the highlights to access the annotations: Unfamiliar vocab words are defined for them immediately, increasing their reading comprehension. Answers to  reading-check quiz questions provide  immediate feedback. Allusions, figures of speech, and contextual references are explained and clarified. Interpretations of various passages can prompt critical thinking and inquiry. Having students work directly with the annotated texts makes it possible to use them  in reteaching, enrichment, differentiation, independent study, and class review. They are helpful in modifying instruction as needed; making individual reading assignments from the texts allows students to read and work at their own pace. Also, many of the annotated texts feature supplementary instructional resources, such as  Notes and Reading Pointers for Sharper Insight. It’s traditional with the arrival of the new year to say, â€Å"Out with the old, and in with the new!† That’s good advice when it comes to bad habits, but to jettison tried-and-true teaching strategies because they are â€Å"old† makes no sense at all. What does make sense is using new resources in implementing new strategies to reach students more effectively. In fact, it makes perfect sense when you remember what a monumental job it is to educate kids! This year as you consider new ways to enhance instruction and learning in your classroom, check out the annotated texts at Owl Eyes. They’re great resources to add to your toolbox and use in many different ways to get  the job done. This is a post from Staff Writer, Susan Hurn. Susan is a former high school English teacher and college instructor. She loves writing for and also enjoys good books, creative writing, and all things related to history.  Let us know if you’re interested in  contributing to the   blog.

Marketing and Product Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing and Product Life Cycle - Essay Example In addition, these will also aid the company in informing customers on the usage of the new product. During the launching, in-store promotions will also be used in order to allow the customers to experience and be educated of Key Ring. Questions will be entertained and freebies will also be given to participants. During the growth stage, it is expected that the product will already be popular in the market but competitors are trying to catch up by making their own campaigns. Procter and Gamble will counter this by giving higher discounts to the company's products. Bundling and in-store promotions will still be utilized. Noting the strong brand equity of Procter and Gamble, it is expected that buyers will still gravitate to its products and will be seeking more ways to get discounts. Sales is expected to taper off during maturity when demand slowly stabilizes. Procter and Gamble can stimulate the use of Key Ring by including its new product lines in the discount coupons. Since the company is very much aggressive in introducing new product variants, it is very much advisable to entice customers in buying these products by allowing them to purchase at a discount.

Transportation Infrastructure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transportation Infrastructure - Research Paper Example Due to this reason, users consult reliable companies which utilize the latest modes of transportation and technologies for efficient delivery. The use of latest technologies has introduced new trends in transportation industry and put certain direct implications on different actors associated with this field (http://www.transportationissuesdaily.com/technologys-role-in-moving-people-goods-quicker/). These actors include infrastructure (e.g. roads, highways, bridges, railways, subways, tramways, airports, seaports etc), modes of transportation (e.g. buses, cars, rails, trams, planes, freights etc), and functions pertaining to of transportation industry. Since users keep themselves continuously engage with new innovative services in all facets of life, therefore, by focusing on transportation infrastructure, this paper mainly describes the modern developments in transportation infrastructure and its ultimate impact on different aspects of transportation. Infrastructure is basically an organized physical structure which is established for a particular operation at government or corporate level. In particular context, the word infrastructure is used for transportation like roads, water supply, and communications etc. in other words, â€Å"the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions† (Fulmer, 2009). Similarly, transportation infrastructure is an organized structure which is utilized for the shipment of goods, commodities, services and even passengers from one place to another (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/infrastructure). The transportation infrastructure is the sum of all technical instruments and organizations designed to enable persons, commodities, and news to master space. Its format any given time responds to the complex of human needs, economic, social, cultural, ecclesiastical etc.

Transformation of work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transformation of work - Assignment Example Focus groups in both hotels were interviewed and, using the results of the survey, for each hotel there was made a conclusion concerning soft skill environment. Notwithstanding the awaited expectations, the results appeared to be completely different. All in all, the authors of the article agree that the traditional conception of â€Å"skill† has somehow changed and it is now associated not only with technical knowledge, but also with interpersonal communication abilities. They have brought a new notion and â€Å"strengthened the conceptual understanding of soft skills† (2013: 176) by showing how these skills perform in two cases. This is a considerable contribution to traditional sociology, service economy and even trade industry. The issue of skill nature is the subject of ongoing discussions in sociology of work in particular. This phenomenon was investigated and studied by a number of scientists. Traditional notion of skill was with the course of time complemented with additional shades, thus social or soft skills become recognized (Grugulis et al., 2004). They are treated in different ways. For instance, Bolton (2004) argues that emotion work can be skilled. According to her, soft skilled workers have enough scope for discretion and are able to deal with a variety of tasks. However, there is another point of view. Lloyd and Payne (2009) consider the idea of promoting soft skills inadequate and even dangerous. They argue that it is impossible to train the skills of social interaction, so soft skills cannot be regarded equal to technical ones. It is worthy of note that both aforementioned approaches have their drawbacks. The first, positive view has its exceptions. Being emotional or communicative is not enough for a work to be regarded as skilled. And on the other hand, the negative approach has its weak point. Technical skills which imply specific knowledge are simply

Its midterm exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Its midterm exam - Essay Example rthless if both the responsibility and authority are not equal to each other as the person may not be able to complete his responsibility as he did not have enough authority to obtain resources. 6. When a manager’s span of control is wide, he has a lot of subordinates reporting to him as compared to managers who have a narrow span of control. In such cases a manager may experience loss of control. 7. Empowerment of employees leads to increased employee engagement in the decision making process and this allows employees to bring in new ideas; this even motivates the employees as they gain a sense of responsibility. Empowerment may be viewed in a negative manner by employees as they may think that manager is just offloading his burden on their shoulders. 9. Exploitative Authoritative and Benevolent Authoritative System are two close approaches of management that are similar to theory Y as these two approaches states that decisions are made at the top and delegated to the lower section of an organization. 14. The theory of Fredrick Taylor fails to attain the goal of long term productivity as this theory is based on top down management rule where the instructions are obtained from the top and in such management scenario change is very hard to take place. 15. Delegation of authority takes place when a manager assigns his responsibility and authority to a subordinate to carry out a particular responsibility (Goetsch 120). The advantage obtained from this is that it increases employee’s involvement, but the downside is that the manager is held responsible if the subordinate fails to carry out the responsibility. 18. Electronic communication decrease the lapse time that used to be caused to make appointments and one particular message can be sent to several individuals at the same time. Electronic communication lacks face to face contact, it can lead to misinterpretation of information and electronic communication even contains lack of privacy. 21. It is

Project literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project literature review - Essay Example ficial comparisons of silence and voice suggest that ideas are two different behaviors among employee in organizations, they are still multi-dimensional in nature. Silence in an organization is a powerful, tool or force that employees may use to present their grievances (Dyne, Ang and Botero 1364). However, the two can still be used as a way of presenting employee grievances. In organizations, issues that rise as a result of employees being dissatisfied with the working conditions, procedures or other problems are all classified under employee grievances. Aggrieved employees always file their dissatisfaction through such grievance processes and the management team has to take action (Daud, Yahya, Isa, and Noor 247). In some cases, the management is reluctant to take any action. Matters involving grievances show that employees are usually trying to express their dissatisfaction with the management. It also shows that there is a breach of the employees’ rights that get affected because of lack of clarity. In organizations with low rates of grievances, employees may fear presenting their grievances (Daud, Yahya, Isa, and Noor 242). In most companies or businesses, grievance discussions are conducted several times as until the aggrieved parties can agree on the same issues as the party that is accused of propagating the problem. In all the grievance processes carried out in organizations, one main aspect stands out. This is communication. Both formal and informal communications are the key to eliminating or preventing grievances (Daud, Yahya, Isa, and Noor 248). The handling style used also matters because the wrong style of handling a grievance process only increases the frustrations and complains. Justice in institutions, at work or at home can only be attained if there are effective grievance processes. Without these processes, there are no tangible outcomes and the employees’ sense of justice is always violated. Most research on grievance processes focuses

Enhancing internal marketing to solve potential conflicts between Dissertation

Enhancing internal marketing to solve potential conflicts between marketers and engineers within construction firms - Dissertation Example The focus of this paper is a study of how enhancing internal marketing can help solve potential conflicts between marketers and engineers within construction firms doing business in United Arab Emirates. The purpose of the study is therefore to explore whether businesses work better when applying the internal marketing model on the construction companies working in the said area under study through improving the relationship between marketers and engineers or not for future business escalation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge certain institutions and individuals for their valuable contribution to the successful completion of this dissertation. I’m particularly indebted to my Dissertation Adviser for guiding, supporting and encouraging me throughout my research work. Special thanks go to the University library staff for availing vast resources that added tremendous value to this dissertation. I also wish to record my special gratitude and sincere appreciation to all my co lleagues and close family members for the support and encouragement they accorded me. Lastly but not the least, I wish to register my sincere thanks to all the respondents who took part in the study. Table of Contents Page Running Head 1 Executive Summary 2 Acknowledgement 3 Table of contents 4 List of tables 7 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 8 1.1. Overview 8 1.2. Background Information 9 1.3. Significance of the Study 10 1.4. Problem Statement and Research questions 11 1.5. Scope of the research 11 1.6. Research objectives 12 1.7. Research questions 12 1.8. Research design 12 1.9. Chapter Summary 13 CHAPTER TWO: Literature review 14 2.1. Introduction 14 2.2. The role of internal marketing and employees relationships 15 2.3. The concept of internal marketing 16 2.4. Implementation of Internal Marketing and Marketing Mix 18 2.5. Characteristics of Internal Marketing-Oriented Organization 22 2.6. Conflict between Engineers and Marketers 23 2.7. Importance of internal marketing 26 2.8. Conc lusion 30 2.9. Chapter Summary 32 CHAPTER THREE: Methodology 33 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Design Appropriateness 33 3.3. Area of study 34 3.4. The target population 34 3.5. Sampling technique 35 3.6. Instrumentation 36 3.7. Data Collection process 37 3.8. Statistical data analysis 38 3.9. Reliability and Validity 38 3.10. Ethical considerations 39 3.11. Chapter Summary 39 CHAPTER FOUR: Findings 40 4.1. Introduction 40 4.2. Characteristics of Respondents 40 4. 3. Descriptive Data 42 4.4. Chapter Summary 51 CHAPTER FIVE: Discussions and Implications 52 5.1. Introduction 52 5.2. Discussion of the results 52 5.3. Practical implications of this study 56 5.4. Chapter Summary 57 CHAPTER SIX: Conclusions and Recommendations 58 6.1. Introduction 58 6.2. General summary of findings 58 6.3. Limitations of the Study 60 6.4. Recommendations for future research 61 6.5. Concluding remarks 62 6.6. Personal Reflections 63 6.7. Chapter summary 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 64 APPENDICES 66 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: 4P elements of marketing mix 20 Table 2: Characteristics of Respondents 41 Table 3: Relationship between engineers and marketers 43 Table 4: Assessment of engineering-marketing

Its midterm exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Its midterm exam - Essay Example rthless if both the responsibility and authority are not equal to each other as the person may not be able to complete his responsibility as he did not have enough authority to obtain resources. 6. When a manager’s span of control is wide, he has a lot of subordinates reporting to him as compared to managers who have a narrow span of control. In such cases a manager may experience loss of control. 7. Empowerment of employees leads to increased employee engagement in the decision making process and this allows employees to bring in new ideas; this even motivates the employees as they gain a sense of responsibility. Empowerment may be viewed in a negative manner by employees as they may think that manager is just offloading his burden on their shoulders. 9. Exploitative Authoritative and Benevolent Authoritative System are two close approaches of management that are similar to theory Y as these two approaches states that decisions are made at the top and delegated to the lower section of an organization. 14. The theory of Fredrick Taylor fails to attain the goal of long term productivity as this theory is based on top down management rule where the instructions are obtained from the top and in such management scenario change is very hard to take place. 15. Delegation of authority takes place when a manager assigns his responsibility and authority to a subordinate to carry out a particular responsibility (Goetsch 120). The advantage obtained from this is that it increases employee’s involvement, but the downside is that the manager is held responsible if the subordinate fails to carry out the responsibility. 18. Electronic communication decrease the lapse time that used to be caused to make appointments and one particular message can be sent to several individuals at the same time. Electronic communication lacks face to face contact, it can lead to misinterpretation of information and electronic communication even contains lack of privacy. 21. It is

Enhancing internal marketing to solve potential conflicts between Dissertation

Enhancing internal marketing to solve potential conflicts between marketers and engineers within construction firms - Dissertation Example The focus of this paper is a study of how enhancing internal marketing can help solve potential conflicts between marketers and engineers within construction firms doing business in United Arab Emirates. The purpose of the study is therefore to explore whether businesses work better when applying the internal marketing model on the construction companies working in the said area under study through improving the relationship between marketers and engineers or not for future business escalation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge certain institutions and individuals for their valuable contribution to the successful completion of this dissertation. I’m particularly indebted to my Dissertation Adviser for guiding, supporting and encouraging me throughout my research work. Special thanks go to the University library staff for availing vast resources that added tremendous value to this dissertation. I also wish to record my special gratitude and sincere appreciation to all my co lleagues and close family members for the support and encouragement they accorded me. Lastly but not the least, I wish to register my sincere thanks to all the respondents who took part in the study. Table of Contents Page Running Head 1 Executive Summary 2 Acknowledgement 3 Table of contents 4 List of tables 7 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 8 1.1. Overview 8 1.2. Background Information 9 1.3. Significance of the Study 10 1.4. Problem Statement and Research questions 11 1.5. Scope of the research 11 1.6. Research objectives 12 1.7. Research questions 12 1.8. Research design 12 1.9. Chapter Summary 13 CHAPTER TWO: Literature review 14 2.1. Introduction 14 2.2. The role of internal marketing and employees relationships 15 2.3. The concept of internal marketing 16 2.4. Implementation of Internal Marketing and Marketing Mix 18 2.5. Characteristics of Internal Marketing-Oriented Organization 22 2.6. Conflict between Engineers and Marketers 23 2.7. Importance of internal marketing 26 2.8. Conc lusion 30 2.9. Chapter Summary 32 CHAPTER THREE: Methodology 33 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Design Appropriateness 33 3.3. Area of study 34 3.4. The target population 34 3.5. Sampling technique 35 3.6. Instrumentation 36 3.7. Data Collection process 37 3.8. Statistical data analysis 38 3.9. Reliability and Validity 38 3.10. Ethical considerations 39 3.11. Chapter Summary 39 CHAPTER FOUR: Findings 40 4.1. Introduction 40 4.2. Characteristics of Respondents 40 4. 3. Descriptive Data 42 4.4. Chapter Summary 51 CHAPTER FIVE: Discussions and Implications 52 5.1. Introduction 52 5.2. Discussion of the results 52 5.3. Practical implications of this study 56 5.4. Chapter Summary 57 CHAPTER SIX: Conclusions and Recommendations 58 6.1. Introduction 58 6.2. General summary of findings 58 6.3. Limitations of the Study 60 6.4. Recommendations for future research 61 6.5. Concluding remarks 62 6.6. Personal Reflections 63 6.7. Chapter summary 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 64 APPENDICES 66 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: 4P elements of marketing mix 20 Table 2: Characteristics of Respondents 41 Table 3: Relationship between engineers and marketers 43 Table 4: Assessment of engineering-marketing

Drug Abuse Essay Example for Free

Drug Abuse Essay DRUG ADDICTION Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely among our society today. Drug addictions can only hinder or restrain us from accomplishing goals or dreams in life. People sometimes feel they are too bright, too powerful, too much in control to become addictive. Addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming ones body, causing problems in family structure, and contribute to the delinquency in society. The sooner people seek help for drug addiction problems, the more chances they have of gaining control of their life once again. However, abstinence is the safest way to  live a longer and healthier life. We are greatly influenced by the people around us. Today one of the number one reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure represents social influences that affect us. It can have a positive or a negative effect, depending on what path one follows. There is direct and indirect pressure that might influence a person’s decision in using drugs. Direct pressure might be when a person is offered to try drugs. Indirect pressure might be when a person is around people using drugs and sees that there is nothing wrong with using drugs. Adolescents who use drugs seek out peers who also use and, in turn, are influenced by those peers (Berndt, 1992). A person might also try drugs just to fit in a social group, even if the person had no intentions of using drugs. Adolescents can try out different roles and observe the reactions of their friends to their behavior and their appearance (Berndt, 1992). One might do it just to be considered â€Å"cool† by the group. There are also other reasons why people might turn to using drugs. Emotional distress, such as personal or family problems, having low self-esteem, like loosing a close one, loosing a job, or having no friends, and environmental stress are all possible factors to causing one to use drugs.

Straight Outta Compton Song Impact

Straight Outta Compton Song Impact People are usually get entertained by listening to music. These songs were either pop, rock, classical or Jazz. Listeners often select the kind of music depending on their preferences. Sometimes, they just like the sound while other love the lyrics. Musical composers create lyrics and melodies depending on the kind of message they want to express to their listeners. However, the message they want to impart may have a different meaning to its listeners. One good example is that song by an American hip-hop group N.W.A. called Straight Outta Compton song from the album of the same title. It is one of the most controversial songs created during its time. This paper analyzes Straight Outta Compton as well as its potential interpretations (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). Straight Outta Compton song represents the harsh realities of south central Los Angeles, such representation can produce a variety of interpretations, and most of them were unfavorable. The song Straight Outta Compton is the title track from the debut album of N.W.A.s debut album last 1988. The composer behind the song created the lyrics based on the lives of gangsters on the streets of a south central area of Los Angeles (Songfacts, 2010). The first three sentences introduced a person named Iced Cube from came from the black-American gangster group. The next five sentences suggest that the singer is carrying a gun and they can pull a trigger to injure other people. No one should mess with him, or he could be dangerous to deal with. The words being used were the typical terms used on gangster streets of Compton (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). The subsequent lyrics also suggested that their gangsters are the typical ones who like to rumble. The lyrics also mentioned that they could use ammunitions like AK47 and he would be forced to use it if anyone does something bad to him. In other words, if would be recommended to avoid those people that the song mentioned. They also mentioned profanity and sexism. The song did tell something about smoking and illegal possession of firearms. The sounds of the song also involved a police chasing the gangsters, indicating that they have violated laws many times. In some cases, they avoid trouble especially if they knew that the law enforcements were around. They do not avoid the law enforcements, but they just lie low (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). The people who created the song only said that they simply documented the happenings in the city of Compton. It also describes the characteristics of their musicians behind the song. Ice Cube explained direct interpretations of the song in his youtube video by Vanity Fair. Ice Cube mentioned that the sawed off also represents a metaphor knowledge. The sentences that suggest about murder rap and Charles Manson can be directly interpreted as Cubes rap will keep their listeners entertained, and he is also comparable to the cult leader/murderer Charles Manson of the Beach Boys (Ice Cube Responds to Rap Genius Interpretations of Straight Outta Compton 2015). The phrase out of the box indicates competition, musical charts or the winners circle. However, the lyrics also mentioned about daily, weekly and yearly and this implies that out of the box means musical charts. The sentence that starts with As I leave and then ends with Straight Outta Compton claims that after shooting house, he would stomp on the gas pedal and drive his car out of Compton City (Ice Cube Responds to Rap Genius Interpretations of Straight Outta Compton 2015). However, many people are interpreting it differently. For instance, they believe that the song glorifies the criminality through mentioning AK47 and something about killing. The first potential backlash is that the listeners may judge the song being the way of encouraging people to use firearms whether they acquire those arms illegally or legally. The song stated that they could use guns if they are pissed off indicating that if any people who not do any good towards them, it would be better to avoid them. Even though the word sawed off is a metaphor for knowledge, many people do not know about that. The rap song also has a catchy tune that may imply that using firearms illegally is okay as long as they can avoid the law enforcements (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). Another possible interpretation from other people is that the music encourages listeners to engage in weed smoking. The lyrics also mentioned that they smoke weed and since rappers are considered cool, the listeners might think that it is cool to smoke weed. When the song said that the people should duck in the area of Los Angeles, they might interpret that they should be careful while in the area. Because violence is a norm in that location, people especially who are not familiar with the location must be extremely careful and sometimes they might have to duck literally (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). The message is geared towards the listeners who love to rap and those who love hip-hop. However, because of violence and profanity, the song only targets adults. Nevertheless, adults could misinterpret the song especially if they are not aware of the genuine situation of the Los Angeles area. They would consider the song as a glorification of violence. However, if they live in the area, they would simply agree with the lyrics of the song as true (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). On the other hand, the children would interpret it differently and directly. They might learn that being a bully is cool since they may consider the singer as the bully. Bullies are the ones who initiate violence, and they will surely consider people behind the lyrics were initiators of violence. In the first place, they could get away with it if they can escape the law enforcements. Since the lyrics only mentioned smoke, the children might believe that it is socially acceptable to smoke, whether tobacco or weed. The children may interpret the song that it is acceptable to be avoided by many people. They may also consider using guns illegally as acceptable. Consequently, it would attract potential controversy especially for teachers and parents of young children and even teenagers. Personally, the song does not sound good since it highlights criminality and violence. Even though they do not intend to promote criminality as they simply document it, they still made violence sounds good through this song (NWA Straight Outta Compton, 2012). Conclusion Straight Outta Compton song represents the harsh realities of south central Los Angeles, such representation can produce a variety of interpretations, and most of them were unfavorable. The people who created the song only said that they simply documented the happenings in the city of Compton. It also describes the characteristics of their musicians behind the song. The message of the song is geared towards the listeners who love to rap and those who love hip-hop. Since it has profanity and violence, it only targets adults. Ice Cube even discussed their direct interpretations of the song. On the other hand, other people interpreted it differently. The children would interpret it differently and directly. They might learn that being a bully is cool since they may consider the singer as the bully. Even adults misinterpreted the song especially if they are not aware of the genuine situation of the Los Angeles area. They would consider the song as the glorification of violence. However, if they live in the area, they would simply agree with the lyrics of the song as true References: Ice Cube Responds to Rap Genius Interpretations of Straight Outta Compton (2015). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8-RDV9I4JY NWA Straight Outta Compton. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_xroIc3Hpw Songfacts. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=29456

Hiring Teachers :: Teaching Public Schools

Hiring Teachers Recruiting New Personnel Effectively Anyone interested in becoming a teacher? Please follow these basic procedures. First, you must go to the school board and picked up the teacher packet. It has to be filled out completely and turned in along with three references letters and all college transcripts. Secondly, you must set up an interview with a personnel person who will go over your qualifications and ask what grade or level you want to teach. Third, you must then set up an interview with the Personnel Director for elementary, middle, or high school. Fourth, you will receive a call to interview with the Principals at the schools that have openings for you. Fifth, you must wait until a principal calls and says that you have a position with them. Long and tedious would be the best words to describe this method of hiring personnel, yet, I know that even just four years ago these were the basic procedures that Duval County used for hiring teachers and other personnel. They did do some college fairs to attract attention and get a pool of people interested. I was hired through the local college fair, and the only step I was able to skip was step three. Other than college fairs there was no real recruitment that I am aware of, in my county. Many of these ancient ways of recruiting in modern times are not working. â€Å"The U.S. Department of Education has estimated that schools will need to hire more than two million teachers in the next decade† (Rodda, pg. 8) Not only will many teachers be retiring, but also many new teachers leave the field of education within the first five years for several reasons such as better money and better working conditions. How are schools to compete with the business world in recruiting qualified people who will teach and who will stay for the long haul? There are two schools in California who are using new methods to hopefully solve the problem to that question. Elk Grove is a district of 41,000 students outside of Sacramento. The first thing they have done is start recruiting â€Å"their own.† They are working with San Francisco State University’s Teacher Education Institute. By building a partnership the county is able to bring future teachers into the classroom and evaluate how they perform.

The Glass Menagerie: Existentialist Responsibilities Conveyed Through t

The story of a young Tennessee Williams is poetically portrayed through a 1945 Broadway Play, The Glass Menagerie. The main character, Tom Wingfield, lives in his family’s apartment with his mother, Amanda Wingfield, and sister, Laura Wingfield. Their father left the family, and he remains a silent character appearing as a portrait on the apartment wall. Throughout the seven scenes, the immaturity of each family member is revealed. In search of adventure, Tom has dreams of being a writer and wishes to leave his family and factory job, like his father, to join the Merchant Marines. Laura lets her disability, a braced leg, hinder her finding a job or a husband, while Amanda stays in denial of her children’s failure by living in the past with her â€Å"gentlemen callers.† Tom’s main responsibilities, created by Amanda, are to take care of Laura and the family. Amanda and Tom are constantly fighting about their different views of what they wish the futur e to bring. To cope with his problems, every night Tom ventures off to probably a bar, gets drunk, and then tells his family he was at the movies ("Plot Summary: The Glass Menagerie"). Williams tries to express a personal struggle about trying to leave his family with out feeling guilt (John Lahr) through fictional characters paralleling his family. These struggles are seen as failed responsibilities in the view of an existentialist. The responsibility of being an existentialist is conveyed through Tennessee Williams’ autobiographical character Tom and his failed responsibilities, guilt of the past, and denial of reality in The Glass Menagerie. The play takes place during the Great Depression in the 1930s, but America was in World War II when Williams wrote the play. The ... ...ge. "Sartre's Philosophy through 1945: Phenomenology and Ontology." Jean-Paul Sartre. Boston: Twayne, 1983. 36-38. Print. Clinton, Craig. â€Å"The Glass Menagerie: Tennessee Williams." The Facts on File Companion to American Drama. Ed. Jackson R. Bryer and Mary C. Hartig. New York: Facts on File, 2004. 178. Print. Crowell, Steven. "Existentialism." The Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Winter 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. "Existentialism-A Philosophy." AllAboutPhilosophy.org. AllAboutPhilosophy.org, 2012. Web. 03 May 2012. The Glass Menagerie. Drama for Students. Ed. David Galens and Lynn Spampinato. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Print. Lahr, John. "Telling It Like It Isn’t." The New Yorker. 06 May 2010. Web. 2 May 2012. "Plot Summary: The Glass Menagerie." DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale, 2003.Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.

Producer Responsibility Scheme To Regulate Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

To reexamine and analysis the execution of the manufacturer duty strategy in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) , for doing recommendations for the future acceptance of manufacturer duty strategy in Hong Kong on e-waste direction. Abstraction Hong Kong is good known as the hub of the newest engineering and electronic merchandises. While many Hong Kong people are fascinated by the latest theoretical accounts of nomadic phones, computing machines and advanced engineerings, the direction of electrical and electronic waste ( e-waste ) in Hong Kong is under-developed and this may take to risky impacts on the environment. Producer duty strategy ( PRS ) , besides known as drawn-out manufacturer duty ( EPR ) has been established for the direction of e-waste in assorted states for old ages. At the terminal of April, 2010, the Hong Kong authorities finished the audience on PRS for e-waste direction. A new legal model will be introduced to turn to the job of e-waste disposal in 2011. In this thesis, the current state of affairs of e-waste direction in Hong Kong will be reviewed. it is so followed by an analysis on the feasibleness of the 2010 PRS audience papers. To instil treatment, I will besides compare and contrast the e-waste P RS in Sweden, South Korea and United States ( Maine ) . Based on the international reappraisal, Hong Kong can larn from the strengths and failings of different strategies and do mentions for the hereafter patterns on e-waste direction. Introduction What is e-waste? Internationally, there is no standard definition of WEEE/ E-waste. Different states use their ain definitions and readings of the term â€Å" E-waste/WEEE † . ( UNEP, 2007 ) . In this thesis, e-waste means electronic and electrical waste. E-waste is by and large defined as any cast-off, excess or broken electrical or electronic device which is dependent on electrical currents or electromagnetic Fieldss in order to work decently and equipment for the coevals, transportation and measuring of such current. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) . It includes different types of equipments such as family contraptions, IT and telecommunications equipment. E-waste contains a batch of contaminations such as heavy metals e.g lead ( Pb ) , quicksilver ( Hg ) etc. and brominated fire retardents. Cathode Ray Tubes ( CRTs ) in proctors contain Pb may take to dirty. Lead will stamp down the encephalon development of kids. Toxic quicksilver may roll up in the fat of fish and through nutrient concatenation will be intake by homo. ( Greenpeace, 2010 ) Without proper disposal and direction, these chemicals would be released to the environment doing serious wellness jobs to human and damage the environment. Therefore, proper direction of e-waste is indispensable. 1.2 Definition of manufacturer duty strategy and extended manufacturer duty Producer duty strategy is an environmental policy instruments for commanding disposal of merchandises when they at the terminal of life. ( Hester & A ; Harrison, 2009 ) It suggests that everyone should portion the duty on e-waste direction. Manufacturers and consumers need to be responsible for the merchandises from the design to the concluding disposal intervention. ( Environmental Protection Department, 2005 ) Furthermore, it mandates the return dorsum of e-waste to a proper intervention. PRS has been implemented for pull offing e-waste in many states including Japan, Switzerland for old ages. It showed positive consequence for handling of EOL e-waste. PRS has two types: corporate manufacturer duty and single manufacturer duty. In CPR, manufacturers are responsible for the cost based on market portion. They need to pay the cost proportionally. In IPR, each manufacturer is responsible for financing the operations referred to the waste from his ain merchandises. ( Hester & A ; Harris on, 2009 ) In other states, extended manufacturer duty ( EPR ) is a more popular term. EPR farther emphasizes on the manufacturer ‘s duty. In other words, â€Å" Extended Producer Responsibility is the construct that makers and importers of merchandises bear a grade of duty for the environmental impacts of their merchandises throughout the merchandises ‘ life-cycles, including upstream impacts built-in in the choice of stuffs for the merchandises, impacts from makers ‘ production procedure itself, and downstream impacts from the usage and disposal of the merchandises. Manufacturers accept their duty when they design their merchandises to minimise the life-cycle environmental impacts and when they accept legal, physical or economic duty for the environmental impacts that can non be eliminated by design. † ( Davis, 1994 ) There are two purposes for the PRS. First, it emphasizes the duty of manufacturer for the collection and recycling of the e-waste. Second, it encourages manufacturers to modify the design of merchandises. So, it could cut down the sum waste and risky effects. ( The Sierra Club, 2009 ) E-waste state of affairs in Hong Kong The volume of e-waste coevals has increased at a rate of 2 % yearly during 2005-2008. In 2008, about 71400 metric tons of e-waste was generated. Presently, approximately 80 % of e-waste are recycled and re-used in Hong Kong or other states. The staying 20 % of them are disposal. Landfill sites in Hong Kong are about making their maximal capacities. The 20 % of e-waste so is a resource that should be reused, recycled. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) In general, e-waste is collected by private second-hand traders. Majority of e-waste are exported to other developing states such as Mainland China and India for recycling or recycling ( Greenpeace, 2010 ) . However, many storage countries for e-waste are non regulated. It would do dirt taint from leaching of heavy metals and other toxic chemicals. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) Besides, an e-waste recycling programme was launched in September 2005 by Environmental Protection Department and St James ‘ Settlement. They accept the e-waste from the populace at designated aggregation points. The gathered e-waste is brought to the recycling Centre for mending or leveling. The repaired electronic contraptions are donated to the needy. Sometimes the repaired goods are sold in charitable bazar to counterbalance portion of the operating cost. ( Environmental Protection Department, 2010 ) However, this programme can non cover with e-waste job in Hong Kong. Therefore, a proper e-waste direction policy is needed. Reappraisal on the audience paper At the terminal of April 2010, the Hong Kong authorities finished the audience on PRS for e-waste direction. A new legal model will be introduced to turn to the job of e-waste disposal. Harmonizing to the Product Eco-responsibility Ordinance ( Cap 603 ) , the proposed e-waste strategy would cover bulky electrical and electronic equipment including telecasting sets, rinsing machines, iceboxs and air-conditioners, and computing machines merchandises ( TWRAC ) , for illustration personal computing machine, pressmans and laptop. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) Figure 1-1 The proposed e-waste strategy in Hong Kong ( Adopted from Environmental Bureau, 2010 ) The proposed e-waste strategy is summarized in Figure 1. The major aim is to portion the duty for the aggregation, intervention and disposal cost of e-waste in a safely and sustainably manner. The duty is shared by assorted stakeholders: Consumers would necessitate to lend the collection and handling costs of regulate e-waste when purchasing new regulated merchandises. They besides need to guarantee the regulated e-waste would be handled likely. They may set up the handling to a municipal aggregation installation, a second-hand trader or a charitable organisation. Importers, distributers and retail merchants would necessitate to stick on the regulated merchandises with specific labels, including the costs of e-waste strategy and charging system Retailers would take back the old electrical contraptions on a â€Å" new for old † footing without charges. They will besides dispose decently to the appointed WMC. The appointed WEEE Management Contractor would supply aggregation and recycling service for e-waste. Second-hand traders and recyclers would dispose the regulated e-waste that collected from consumers. They are regulated by the import and export control and licensing demand for recycling, hive awaying and leveling of e-waste. Government would move as a proctor to reexamine the system, roll uping fees and jurisprudence enforcement. It would besides advance public credence and instruction and help the settling up of the manufacturer duty strategy on e-waste. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) Collection of fees would be taken by importers and distributers. They would pay the fees when the regulated merchandises were brought to Hong Kong for local sale. This cost could finally be recovered along the supply concatenation. Another option is retail merchants would roll up the fee from consumers when sale the relevant merchandises when a dealing is completed. The fees for little e-waste ( such as a little telecasting ) would about $ 100. For bulky e-waste would bear down around $ 200- $ 250. Fees for computing machine merchandises would be lower but no clear sum is listed in the audience paper. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) There are some extra steps proposed: A landfill disposal prohibition to e-waste will be introduced for forestalling utile stuffs ended up in landfills. Import and export control of e-waste would be under a permission system by authorities. A licensing demand is needed for the e-waste dismantlement, recycling and storage. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) In the undermentioned thesis, the PRS plans of South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) will be studied. By utilizing three standards, physical duty of assorted stakeholders ( Consumers, local governments, manufacturers and consolidators ) , cost allotment of assorted stakeholders ( Consumers, local governments, manufacturers ) and roll uping and recycling rate, remarks are made for the hereafter pattern on e-waste direction in Hong Kong.2. Review of PRS plans in other states2.1 South Korea 2.1.1 Background of the PRS After fall ining the OECD in 1996, the environmental policy of South Korea authorities is influenced by the way of western states. In 2001, the authorities implemented EPR as an indispensable policy in the field of recycling. ( Murakami-Suzuki, 2008 ) On the other manus, consumers and environmental NGOs had criticized the improper disposal of e-waste by the three major companies. To salvage their trade name image, they had understanding with authorities to continue greater manufacturer duty. ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) In 2003, a Producer Recycling ( PR ) system was launched which emphasized the duty of makers in e-waste recycling. Until now, there are in entire 10 points: they are rinsing machines, TVs, air conditioners, iceboxs, Personal computers, sound, nomadic phones, pressmans, duplicators and facsimiles. ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) ( Murakami-Suzuki & A ; Chung 2008 ) 2.1.2 System of e-waste direction Figure 2-1 General e-waste flows in South Korea ( Adopted from Murakami-Suzuki & A ; Chung 2008 ) The PR system puts the speech pattern on manufacturers. Manufacturers need to roll up the e-waste from consumers on a ‘new-for-old ‘ footing. Each electrical contraption that is regulated in the system has certain mark recycling rate to accomplish yearly. Therefore, manufacturers used runs and other aggregation contractors to run into the recycling mark. ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) There are three ways for the manufacturers to carry through their duty. First, they can construct ain recycling works and execute the recycling occupation. The 2nd manner is to contract out the occupation to commercial recycling workss. The 3rd manner is to pay money to the Producer Responsibility Organization to assist them recycling the e-waste. If they fail to make the recycling marks, they need to pay the fee which is reciprocally relative to the compulsory recycling rates. ( Murakami-Suzuki & A ; Chung 2008 ) Local governments are responsible for patroling illegal dumping of e-waste. Illegal dumping declined greatly due to the monitoring of the citizens groups called â€Å" ssu-parazzi † ( ssu means rubbish in Korean and parazzi from the Italian word â€Å" paparazzi † which means newsman ) . ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) Local governments will pay pecuniary wagess to citizens for describing illegal dumping instances to the governments. Government besides needs to roll up the e-waste which is non based on replacement purchase from consumer. ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) Consumers have three ways for disposal of e-waste. First, they can give the e-waste to the 2nd manus traders. The second-hand traders will give back some bit value to the consumers. The second-hand traders will so reassign to the exporters and export out the e-waste. Second, they can pay to the municipalities which are local governments for roll uping the e-waste. The local governments will transport the e-waste to the exporters or recycling workss for the intervention of e-waste. Third, they do n't necessitate to pay any fee when on a ‘new for old ‘ footing. The retail merchants or manufacturers will roll up the e-waste for free. They act as a co-operator with other stakeholders to take part in the strategy. Some of them may move as the â€Å" ssu-parazzi † to supervise the illegal dumping of e-waste. 2.1.3 Cost borne by different stakeholders Manufacturers bear the entire cost for both aggregation and recycling. First, they can run their ain logistic squad and recycling workss. Second, they can pay fee to the commercial recycling companies. Third, they may pay the fee to the Producer Responsibility Organization ( PRO ) for roll uping and recycling the e-waste. Consumers do non necessitate to pay any disposal fee when buying a replacing regulated electric merchandise. So, an unseeable fee is added when consumer purchases electrical merchandises. They merely need to pay the aggregation cost when necessitating local governments to roll up the e-waste. They may necessitate to pay 2000-8000 won ( about HKD $ 14- $ 56 ) to the local governments for roll uping the e-waste. ( Gangnam-gu Office, 2004 ) Government needs to bear the fiscal cost for the collection of illegal dumped e-waste and pay the money wages for citizens. ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) 2.1.4 Collecting and Recycling rate of e-waste Figure 2-2 Collecting and Recycling rate of e-waste in South Korea in 2002 and 2004 ( Source from Park, 2006 ) After the execution of the PR system in 2003, the collection and recycling rate addition about 50 % in Television, icebox and rinsing machine. For air-conditioner and computing machine, a singular rise in the collection and recycling rate. The merchandise recycling has been continuously increased. About six million dozenss ( 550 million kilogram ) of e-waste in sum has been recycled during 2003-2007. The recycling rate is about 11 kg/capita/year in 2003-2007. ( Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, 2010 ) 2.2 Sweden 2.2.1 Background of the PRS The PRS for e-waste was launched in Sweden on 1st July 2001. Simultaneously, a not-for-profit service supplier El Kretsen was set up. El Kretsen operates a national-wide aggregation and recycling system for e-waste. It runs the system in coaction with Swedish governments. The local Swedish governments manage and fund the aggregation points where the families could go forth the e-waste. El Kresten manages and financess the transit fee, the pre-treatment and recycling for e-waste. Eleven classs of e-waste are regulated by El Kretsen. They include merchandises for family contraptions, IT and other equipment. ( El-Kretsen, 2010 ) 2.2.2 System of e-waste direction Figure 2-3 General flow of e-waste in Sweden ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) The strategy does non put any recycling marks. Manufacturers and distributers pay the fee to El Kresten, based on the current market portion, for pull offing the regulated e-waste in a corporate duty method. The cost will reexamine yearly. Families can return the e-waste to any of the 700 countrywide municipal aggregation sites. Commercial sectors can return the e-waste free of charge to the distributers or manufacturers based on â€Å" new for old † buying. Otherwise they can give to the commercial aggregation Centres which are financed by El Kretsen. When the commercial consumer does non buy a new merchandise, the e-waste is non covered by this PRS and it ‘s the last user ‘s duty. Municipal aggregation sites are run by municipalities and the concern aggregation sites are organized and financed by El Kretsen. Logistic and transport spouses will roll up the e-waste from both municipal and concern aggregation sites and conveyance to the intervention spouses. Treatme nt and recycling spouses dismantle and recycle the e-waste. El Kretsen would pay the money to logistics and intervention spouses by the weight of e-waste hauled and the existent intervention costs. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) 2.2.3 Cost borne by different stakeholders El Kretsen financess the concern aggregation sites, transit and recycling cost of e-waste. Household ‘s aggregation sites are run by local governments which are non based on manufacturer duty. Households wage revenue enhancements to back up the cost of runing the municipal aggregation sites. Manufacturers pay money to El Kretsen harmonizing to their corresponding market portion, i.e. , every provider ‘s proportion of entire gross revenues in the old twelvemonth. Any excess will be credited to the corresponding manufacturer ‘s history. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) The fee is considered several factors. Here is an illustration: Table 2-1 Model for computation of fees by El Kretsen ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) The fee is measured by four factors: weight, return rate, intervention cost and material value. When transit and intervention costs are high and the stuff value is low, the fee is higher. Alternatively, if the stuff value is high and the intervention cost is low, the fee is much lower. Normally, for bulky material, the fee is around a‚ ¬8- 26 ( about HKD $ 84 – $ 273 ) and for little contraption, it is about a‚ ¬0.025. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) 2.2.4 Collecting and recycling rate of e-waste Figure 2-4 Recycling rate of e-waste in 2004-2008 by El Kretsen ( El-Kretsen, 2010 ) The above figure showed the collection and recycling rate of e-waste from all the aggregation points by El Kretsen. The system in Sweden achieved the highest collection and recycling rate reported in Europe with a sum of 15.8kg/capita/year in 2006. ( Sander et el. , 2007 ) 2.3 United States ( Maine ) 2.3.1 Background of PRS In 2004, an e-waste jurisprudence founded on EPR construct was adopted by the Maine legislative assembly. It was the first â€Å" drawn-out manufacturer duty † jurisprudence in United States. In January 18 2006, the family e-waste programme was launched to guarantee electrical contraptions were recycled at the terminal of life. Merely family generated covered electrical devices ( CED ) are considered in the Maine programme. CED referred to telecastings and computing machine proctors with screens larger than 4 in. ( 10.2 centimeter ) . ( Wagner, 2009 ) In 2009, the programme added desktop pressmans, game consoles and digital image frame as CED. ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 ) 2.3.2 System of e-waste direction Figure 2-5 General flow of e-waste in Maine ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 ) Local governments decide how to roll up the family e-waste. There are different ways to roll up the e-waste: agreement of pick-up service, set up for aggregation sites, or keep periodic one-day aggregation. Consolidators received the e-waste. They need to screen the regulated merchandises by trade name names and step the weight. Then, they send bills to the makers for the transit, managing and recycling fee. They will besides supply informations and study to Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) . After that they send the e-waste to recycler. Retailers must merely sell the regulated merchandises with makers that are in conformity with Maine ‘s E-waste Law. Maine DEP monitors the programme. It besides conducts instruction and enforces Torahs. ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 ) 2.3.3 Cost borne by different stakeholders Manufacturers bear about all the cost under the EPR programme. Before the programme started, there was no charge to the manufacturer. After the programme was launched, in 2006 and 2007, the sum charges are US $ 764000 ( about 6 million HKD $ and US $ 1938500 ( about 15 million HKD $ ) severally. The mean recycling charges were about US $ 9.53 ( HKD $ 74 ) per computing machine proctor and US $ 16.62 ( HKD $ 130 ) per telecasting. The manufacturers need to pay the cost harmonizing to the trade name and weight to the consolidators. Orphan CEDs is waste which can non place the makers or the makers are no longer in concern. Existing manufacturers need to pay a pro rata portion of the recycling orphan CEDs. ( Wagner, 2009 ) Figure 2-6 Maine population and family EOL fees charged in 2008 ( Wagner, 2009 ) Different metropoliss or towns in Maine have different EOL fee. Citizens can dispose free of charge or even necessitate to pay over USD $ 11 per point ( HKD $ 86 ) . However, over 50 % of families need to pay less than US $ 5 ( HKD $ 39 ) per point due to the displacement of cost to the manufacturers. ( Wagner, 2009 ) 2.3.4 Collecting and Recycling rate of e-waste Figure 2-7 Household CED points collected in Maine in 2005-2008 ( Source from Wagner, 2009 ) The figure of points collected and recycled after the EPR programme adopted addition by 108 % in the first twelvemonth, 170 % in the 2nd twelvemonth and 221 % in the 3rd twelvemonth. ( Wagner, 2009 ) The collection and recycling rate is about 1.8 kg/capita/year in 2008. ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 )3 Comparison of the EPR systems in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine )Table 3-1 Comparison for the physical function of assorted stakeholders South Korea Sverige Pine tree state Consumers Dispose the e-waste via three methods Act as â€Å" suu-parazzi † Take the e-waste to aggregation sites Take the e-waste to the local governments via different methods Local governments Set mark recycling rate Monetary wages to citizens who describing illegal dumping Run the municipal aggregation sites Set criterion for aggregation Ensure fight among the consolidators Manufacturers Construct ain recycling workss Pay money to the PRO for recycling and interventions Contract out the occupations to commercial recycling companies Collect commercial e-waste Pay money to El Kretsen for managing the e-waste Pay money to the consolidators for all the transit and intervention cost Consolidators Manufacturers El Kresten Approximately 10 companies In South Korea, since the electrical contraption industry is oligopolistic and is dominated by three companies, viz. , Daewoo, LG and Samsung. Collection, transit and recycling are besides carried by the manufacturers. ( Lee & A ; Na, 2010 ) There is no aggregation sites are operated in the system of South Korea. Consumers have different methods to dispose the e-waste. Due to the bit value given by the second-hand traders, most of the consumers prefer this manner to dispose the e-waste. ( Murakami-Suzuki & A ; Chung 2008 ) Another alone system is the outgrowth of â€Å" ssuparazzi † in South Korea. Local governments will give money wagess to the citizen who reports illegal dumping of e-waste. This control method is thought to be responsible for a crisp diminution of illegal dumping. For Sweden, the lone consolidator El Kretsen takes the most physical duty in the EPR system. It mandates the commercial aggregations sector, organizes and financess the transit and recycling spouses. Local governments run the municipal aggregation sites. Consumers merely need to reassign the e-waste to the aggregation points. For Maine, local governments via different paths collect the e-waste from consumers. Consumer should follow the methods by local authorities and return the e-waste. Consolidators sort off the trade name and direct bills to manufacturers for the transit and intervention cost. Table 3-2 Comparison for cost allotment of assorted stakeholders South Korea Sverige Pine tree state Consumers Free on a â€Å" new for old † footing Buy tickets when disposed with municipality Taxs EOL fees Local governments Receive tickets fee from consumers Receive revenue enhancements from consumers Collection cost of e-waste Manufacturer About the entire cost About the sum cost which pay to El Kretsen About the sum cost which wage to the consolidators Consumers do non necessitate to pay any excess fee under the â€Å" new for old † rule when buying the regulated points in South Korea. They may necessitate to purchase a tickets when disposal of e-waste from local governments. In Sweden, the aggregation cost of domestic e-waste is received from the revenue enhancements of all citizens. In Maine, consumers normally merely necessitate to pay the EOL fees which are less than US $ 5 per points for Televisions or computing machine proctors. Local governments in three topographic points receive money from consumers for aggregation cost. In Sweden, the local governments merely cover with the domestic e-waste. In the three topographic points reviews, manufacturers bear about the full cost in the PRS. In South Korea, manufacturers need to build the ain works for intervention of e-waste. It is an single duty system. Otherwise, they may contract out the occupation to commercial recycling workss or pay fees to the PRO. In Sweden and Maine, the manufacturers pay to consolidators based on market portions. In add-on, in Maine, the manufacturers portion the cost for handling the orphan e-waste by pro rata. Table 3-3 Comparison of roll uping and recycling rate South Korea Sverige Pine tree state Roll uping and Recycling rate ( kg/capita/year ) 11.0 15.8 1.8 In this tabular array, Sweden achieved the highest collection and recycling rate among three topographic points. It may due to a big classs of e-waste included in the Swedish system. South Korea besides got a comparatively high rate. It may due to the consequence of mark recycling in the system. The collection and recycling rate is really low when comparing to two other topographic points. First, the Maine plan merely covered domestic TVs and computing machine proctors. Second, the end-of-life fee besides contributed to it because some consumers may donate to charitable organisations instead than pay the EOL fees. ( Wagner, 2009 ) Table 3-4 Comparison of undertaking methods for illegal dumping South Korea Sverige Pine tree state Undertaking methods Monetary wages None None In South Korea, the pecuniary wages has attracted some citizen groups and organisations supervising the illegal dumping. In Sweden, there is no inducement for families to dispose the e-waste illicitly. It is because the use of municipal aggregation points is free of charge. Furthermore, the aggregation points are normally closer than topographic points which are suited for illegal dumping. ( Sasaki, 2004 ) For commercial sectors, there are some companies dumped the e-waste in municipal aggregation points. It is because El Kretsen can non separate the e-waste is come from families or concern sectors. ( Sasaki, 2004 ) . In Maine, due to the EOL fees, some e-waste possibly illicitly dumped. However, there is no information related to demo the figure of instances. ( Wagner, 2009 ) Table 3-5 Comparison of strengths and failings of the PRS systems Strengths Failings South Korea High recycling rate Monetary wages for describing illegal dumping Merely focal point on mark recycling rate, non the environmental-friendly intervention Sverige High recycling rate One not-for-profit consolidator – El Kretsen Excessively many classs of e-waste Taxs from citizens Municipal aggregation point can non separate e-waste from house servants or commercial sectors United States ( Maine ) Low cost for intervention Have step to cover with the orphan e-waste Low recycling rate Merely focal point on domestic e-waste Cumbersome for consolidators to screening the e-waste Orphan e-waste payment by manufacturers Illegal dumping due to EOL fee Korean ‘s pecuniary wages for describing illegal dumping is alone among three states. It greatly decreases the sum of illegal dumping of e-waste. Another alone characteristic is target recycling rate. The mark rate must be reached by the manufacturers. Otherwise, a levy is imposed. Therefore it maintains a high and stable collection and recycling rate. However this system merely focuses on the elevation of the recycling rate but non the intervention quality. Producer merely want to carry through the mark rate. There is no inducement for manufacturer to handle the e-waste decently. In Sweden, the recycling rate is highest among three reviewed topographic points. It may due to a assortment of e-waste is included in the system. Furthermore, there is no bear downing for disposing e-waste in municipal aggregation point. It may besides increase the inducement of domestic consumers to dispose the e-waste decently. Furthermore, El Kretsen covered about 90 % of e-waste. A large not-for-profit company integrates all the e-waste could hold better organisation of aggregation and transit for e-waste. However, the Swedish strategy has eleven classs of regulated e-waste. Many industries and companies are kicking about the complexness of the merchandise classification. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) On the other manus, the running cost for municipal aggregation sites come from the revenue enhancements from citizens. It is unjust to the citizens who do non utilize the service in the PRS system. In add-on, the municipal aggregation points receive e-waste free of charge. Some concern companies may dump the e-waste into the aggregation point illicitly. In United States ( Maine ) , the monetary value of consolidator services to manufacturer is administrated by the DEP yearly. The consolidators need to subject the lowest cost agenda to the manufacturers and local governments. Therefore, manufacturers can take the best offered monetary value for the services of consolidators. Furthermore, this is the lone PRS which have step to cover with orphan e-waste among three reviewed topographic points. It divides the intervention cost to manufacturers by pro rata. The collection and recycling rate is lowest among three reviewed topographic points in Maine. It is because the system merely focuses on domestic e-waste. Furthermore, the regulated e-waste merely included TVs and computing machine proctors. A big sum of e-waste The Maine ‘s progrmamme is cumbrous because every e-waste needs to screen by trade name. The consolidators besides need to enter the weight of e-waste. Furthermore, approximately 10 consolidators are responsible for screening the e-waste and direct bills to the manufacturers. Therefore, this system is time-consuming and increases the administrative costs for both consolidators and manufacturers. The manufacturers besides criticize for bearing the duty for the orphan e-waste. ( Wagner, 2009 ) Orphan e-waste means the e-waste trade name name can non be identified. They need to bear excess cost for the intervention of orphan e-waste by pro rata. Due to stop of life charge, consumers need to pay money to the local authoriti es when they dispose the e-waste. They may illicitly dump the e-waste. However, there is no statistic found in my research.4 Remarks for the PRS in Hong KongAfter the analysis of the PRS systems in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) , it indicates that different stakeholders bear different proportion of physical and fiscal duty. Furthermore, a good Praseodymium should hold high collection and recycling rate. Since few electrical or electronic merchandises are produced locally in Hong Kong, manufacturers ‘ duties are in fact importers, distributers and retail merchants ‘ duty. For makers, it will be individually considered in the undermentioned subdivision.4.1 Physical DutyConsumer should co-operate in the PRS. They should dispose the e-waste to the aggregation sites or return back to the retail merchants or distributers. They could besides supply remark for the PRS to the authorities to implement a better system for e-waste direction. Incentive for consumers to take the e-waste back to the retail merchants or the aggregation sites is the of import measure. Collection sites should be easy accessible. Therefore, authorities and retail merchants or distributers should put up the broad spread aggregation sites in the 18 territories. They should supply a convenient manner to the consumers for disposal of e-waste. In Hong Kong, it is hard to put up ain recycling workss by manufacturers like the PR system in South Korea. Retailers and distributers should continue more duty. From the experience of South Korea and Sweden, labeling of the regulated merchandises should be done by the retail merchants or distributers. Therefore, consumers are able to cognize the cost of the PRS for the intervention and recycling of e-waste. Hong Kong has Numberss of retail merchants and distributers ; they may form or fall in a consolidator like El Kretsen in Sweden. With a cardinal consolidator, an enhanced organisation of aggregation and transit could be achieved. The retail merchants and distributers can pay the fee straight to the WEEE direction contractors Quality of intervention for e-waste is of import. The recyclers should handle and recycle the e-waste suitably. Environmental Protection Department can direct officers to look into the intervention procedure in the recycling works on a regular basis. Recyclers should follow the demands purely which are set up by authorities. Otherwise, authorities would ticket the recyclers. Monetary wages in South Korea has successfully decreased the figure of illegal dumping. Hong Kong authorities can larn from the experience of South Korea to put up some wages for describing illegal dumping.4.2 Financial ResponsibilityThere are two ways of bear downing methods from the experience of three topographic points. In Maine, the consumers need to pay the end-of-life fee when they dispose the e-waste. In Hong Kong, there is a building waste disposal bear downing strategy similar to Maine. However, it leads to big sum of illegal dumping in the New Territories. If the e-waste charging follows the same method, it likely leads to big sum of illegal dumping. In South Korea and Sweden, the fee is already included in the monetary value of the electrical contraptions. Therefore, it will enforce the fee to the importers and distributers, which is non welcome by them. In Hong Kong, after the audience paper released, the importers and distributers have unsatisfied to this option. However, in this option, Consumers do non necessitate to pay any fees when disposing the e-waste. This will diminish the inducement for consumer to dispose the e-waste illicitly. The two options have their ain pros and cons. Further treatment is needed. For the orphan e-waste, there is no step shown in the audience paper in Hong Kong. In the reviewed topographic points, merely Maine ‘s plan has steps to cover with it. First, retail merchants should merely sale electrical merchandises of manufacturers that are participated in the plan. It can diminish the figure of orphan e-waste coevals. Second, the intervention cost is divided by manufacturers by pro rata. It can ease the fiscal load from authorities to the manufacturers. Hong Kong can put up similar pattern to cover with the job of orphan e-waste.4.3 Collecting and recycling rateDifferent topographic points have different classs of e-waste included in the PRS. The proposed PRS in Hong Kong has similar regulated points to that in South Korea. After the execution of PRS in Hong Kong, the collection and recycling rate should accomplish a similar rate which is 11.0 kg/capita/year. Swedish plan achieve the highest rate which is 15.8 kg/capita/year and Maine ‘s plan merely r eached 1.8 kg/capita/year. These two values should be the favourable rate and lower limit rate that Hong Kong PRS should make severally.5 DecisionAfter reexamining the PRS in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) , different states adopt the PRS with alone features. The Hong Kong authorities can larn from the strengths and failings of different strategies and do mentions for the hereafter patterns on e-waste direction. The authorities should happen a balanced point of duty among assorted stakeholders for e-waste directionLists of MentionDavis Gary. ( 1994 ) . Extended Producer Responsibility: A New Principle for a New Generation of Pollution Prevention. Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine. ( 2010 ) . Report on Maine ‘s Household E-waste Recycling Program. El-Kretsen. ( 2010 ) . Sweden – universe leader in WEEE aggregation and intervention. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from El Kretsen hypertext transfer protocol: //www.el-kretsen.sesitespecificelkretsenfilespdfelelretur_foldern_engelsk.pdf Environment Bureau. ( 2010 ) . Safe and Sustainable: A New Producer Repsonsibility Scheme for Waste Electrical & A ; Electronic Equipment. Environmental Protection Department. ( 2005 ) . A Policy Model for the Mangament of Municial Solid Waste ( 2005-2014 ) . Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epd.gov.hk/epd/msw/htm_en/ch03/main.htm Environmental Protection Department. ( 2010 ) . Waste Reduction. Retrieved November 17, 2010 from Recovery of waste elctrical and electronic equipment: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wastereduction.gov.hk/en/workplace/weee_intro.htm Future Energy Solutions. ( June 2003 ) . Study into European WEEE Schemes. Gangnam-gu Office. ( 2004 ) . One stop big volume waste intervention system. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //waste.gangnam.go.kr/ Greenpeace. ( 2010 ) . Contamination of e-waste. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from Greenpeace: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/campaigns/e-waste/pollution Il-Ho Park. ( November 2006 ) . Policy Direction on E-Waste Recycling in Korea. Lee Soo-cheol, & A ; Na Sung-in. ( 4th June 2010 ) . E-waste Recycling Systems and Sound Circulative Economies in East Asia: A Compararive Analysis of Systems in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan. Sustainability, page 1632-1644. Lindhqvist T. ( 2000 ) . Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production: Policy Principle to Promote Environmental Improvements of Product Systems. Ming Pao. ( 28th December 2010 ) . Electronic Products levy consultaion. Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea. ( 2010 ) . Extended Producer Responsibility. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //eng.me.go.kr/content.do? method=moveContent & A ; menuCode=pol_rec_pol_rec_sys_responsibility Rie Murakami-Suzuki and Sung-Woo Chung. ( 2008 ) . A Comparative Study of E-waste Recycling Systems in Japan, South Kore nad Taiwan from the EPR Perspective: Deductions for Developing States. Soo-cheol Lee and Sung-in Na. ( 4th June 2010 ) . E-waste Recycling Systems and Sound Circulative Economies in East Asia: A Compararive Analysis of Systems in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan. Ronald E. Hester and Roy M. Harrison. ( 2009 ) . Electronic waste direction. Royal Society of Chemistry. Knut Sander, Stephanie Schilling, Naoko Tojo, Chris new wave Rossem, Jan Vernon, & A ; Carolyn George. ( 2007 ) . The Producer Responsibility Principle of. Sweden. Kohei Sasaki. ( December 2004 ) . Examing the Waste from the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Mangement Systems in Japan and Sweden. The Sierra Club. ( May 2009 ) . Producer Responsibility Recycling. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sierraclub.org/committees/zerowaste/producerresponsibility/index.asp UNEP. ( 2007 ) . E-Waste Vol. 1: Inventory Assessment Manual. Travis P. Wagner. ( 19th July 2009 ) . Shared duty for pull offing electronic waste: A instance survey of Maine, USA. Waste Management.